Industrial water and wastewater Treatment Lecture Out Come Analyse The Impacts Of Industrial Effluents On Public Health And Environment

Outline Domestic Wastewater Treatment Flow Sheet Industrial Wastewater Disposal Practices General Standards For Discharge Of Industrial Effluents Impact of Industrial Effluents

Domestic Wastewater Treatment Flow Sheet

Domestic Wastewater Treatment Flow Sheet

Industrial Wastewater Disposal Practices Underground disposal of commercial and industrial wastewater can cause serious soil and ground-water contamination if not carefully controlled. Because of the potential for wastewater to contaminate soil and ground water, the policies and regulations regarding underground disposal systems are strict. All wastes must be evaluated to determine if they are hazardous. Wastes which meet the definition of hazardous waste must be managed in accordance with hazardous waste rules.

Industrial Wastewater Disposal Practices The following are some options to underground disposal that facility owners and operators should consider. Reduce and recycle wastewater Change processes so that wastes are not generated in the first place. If wastewater is generated, try to recycle as much as possible. By using “pollution prevention” techniques and waste reduction, a facility owner or operator can make changes in a facility to eliminate waste streams or remove problem materials.

Industrial Wastewater Disposal Practices -Connect to municipal sewer system The easiest way for an industrial wastewater generator to treat its discharge may be to hook up to the nearest municipal wastewater treatment plant. Industrial facility owners should meet with the local utility to determine if sewage systems can accept their industrial wastewater. Connect to a holding tank Non-hazardous industrial wastewater can be collected and temporarily stored in holding tanks. The kind of tank used depends on the type of wastewater generated. Most often, collected wastewater is transported to a nearby municipal sewer system for treatment. Small amounts of non-hazardous wastewater may also be appropriate for land application. Natural processes in the soil will help to break down the wastewater faster than it would in septic systems.

Industrial Wastewater Disposal Practices -Treat wastewater on-site A facility owner or operator may purchase equipment to remove certain pollutants and reduce wastewater volume. Devices such as oil/water separators, reverse osmosis systems and waste evaporators can make other forms of waste management more feasible. Waste composition, volume, available capital and operating costs may affect the type of on-site treatment technology that is chosen.

Industrial Wastewater Disposal Practices Options On-site underground discharge If non-hazardous industrial wastewater has to be discharged on-site, it must be one of the following: - A domestic waste, such as a kitchen or bathroom wastewater. - Industrial wastewater that meets the drinking water standards, such as non-contact cooling water in air conditioning systems. - “Greywater” from laundries, restaurants, or from exterior vehicle washing facilities if the following conditions apply:

Industrial Wastewater Disposal Practices 1- no solvent-based cleaners were used. 2- water cooling and grease traps are used in commercial dishwashers to prevent grease and oil from entering the system. 3- no engine washing or solvents are used in exterior vehicle washing.

General standards for discharge of industrial effluents Oman Wastewater Legislations, Codes and Standards are related to treated effluent and sludge quality. The applicable legislations are: -Regulations for wastewater re-use and discharge Decision specifies the required quality of Treated Effluent to be re-used for various types of irrigation and others. It also specifies the required sludge standards.

General standards for discharge of industrial effluents Regulations for the discharge of liquid effluents to the marine environment The applicable legislation for use of TE for recharge of aquifers

General standards for discharge of industrial effluents Regulation changes to the discharge of TE to the sea

General standards for discharge of industrial effluents Concession Agreement required TE quality for irrigation

General standards for discharge of industrial effluents Concession Agreement required TE quality for irrigation *New STP’s (Group 1) are those constructed after January 1, 2005, while Existing STP’s (Group 2) are those in operation on January 1, 2005.

Impact of Industrial Effluents NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFLUENTS Wastewaters are generated by many industries as a consequence of their operation and processing. Depending on the industry and their water use, the wastewaters contain suspended solids, both degradable and non-biodegradable organics; oils and greases; heavy metal ions; dissolved inorganics; acids, bases and colouring compounds.

Examples of Waste Effluents Generated by Selected Industries

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Pharmaceutical Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) industries suffer from inadequate effluent treatment due to the presence of recalcitrant substances and insufficient carbon sources and nutrients. A large number of pretreatment systems are employed to remove these pollutants to prevent a host of problems that may otherwise arise in the biological process, and reduce the efficiency of the treatment plant.

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Pharmaceutical Some of the most representative pharmaceutical and personal care products found in receiving waters include antibiotics, lipid regulators, antiinflammatories, antiepileptics, tranquilizers, and cosmetic ingredients containing oil and grease with very different chemical structures

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Soap and detergent Industry Industrial effluents from soap manufacturing industries are known to contain complex chemicals most of which are very toxic and capable of destroying the microbial habitats in a serious adverse way. For example, characterization of the composite wastewater from both soap and food processing plants indicated that the waste was highly contaminated with organic compounds as indicated by COD and BOD values

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Soap and detergent Industry Moreover, effluent from the soap manufacturing plant contained significant concentrations of oil and grease amounting to 563 mg L-1. Soap manufacturing effluent and the combined wastes discharged from an industrial complex were subjected to different treatment processes, namely dissolved air flotation, chemical coagulation sedimentation, and biological treatment via a completely mixed activated sludge process.

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Paper mill industry Process water in paper and board mills contains a lot of sugars and lignocelluloses, which support the growth of bacteria, mold and some yeast. Effluent from fertilizer plants contain a high concentration of potentially toxic wastes rich in ammonia-nitrogen, urea, nitrate-nitrogen orthophosphate-phosphorus which support the growth of algae, yeast and cyanobacteria.

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Paper mill industry The occurrence of these microbes in the effluents lead to excessive oxygen demand loading and also disturb the ecological equilibrium of the receiving waters with much loss of aquatic life and intense consequences.

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Textile mill effluent The textile industry is distinguished by raw material used and this determines the volume of water required for production as well as waste generated. Heavy metals have been associated with the textile effluents . The nature of the processing exerts a strong influence on the potential impacts associated with textile manufacturing operations due to the different characteristics associated with these effluents.

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Textile mill effluent Effluent Characteristics From Textile Industry

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Brewery industry Wastewater from Brewery Industry originates from liquors pressed from grains and yeast recovery and have the characteristic odour of fermented malt and slightly acidic . Brewery effluents are high in carbohydrates; nitrogen and the cleaning and washing reagents have been proved water pollutants. The introduction of wastewater, high in organic matter and essential nutrients bring about changes in the microflora.

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Chemical industry These results indicate that wastes containing hydroxyl and chlorosubstituted derivatives of benzene may pose a greater toxicity problem to microbiota than wastes containing methyl-substituted derivatives. The nitrification stage of the nitrogen cycle will also be greatly impaired in the presence of these groups of chemicals in a river

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Impact of organic wastes Due to population and industrial growth, inland waters (rivers, lakes, etc.) become often the recipient of organic matter in amounts exceeding their natural purification capacity, while in the past, natural purification and dilution were usually sufficient. Sewage effluents rich in decomposable organic matter, is the primary cause of organic pollution. Domestic wastes like in many other developing countries may now contain modern environmental health hazardous substances thus posing additional risk to public health

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Impact of organic wastes secondary organic pollution is considerably greater than the primary organic load. The excessive production of organic matter leads to the build up of “sludge” and the mineralization process consumes all dissolved oxygen from the water column, which causes fish kills. Consequently, organic pollutants are called oxygen-demanding wastes. The relatively high temperatures in tropical countries accelerate this process.