Lesson 3 The Cold War Intensifies Postwar America (1945-1960) Lesson 3 The Cold War Intensifies ITS History Arms Race

Lesson 3 The Cold War Intensifies Postwar America (1945-1960) Lesson 3 The Cold War Intensifies Learning Objectives Describe how Cold War tensions were intensified by the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Explain how Eisenhower’s response to communism differed from that of Truman. Analyze the impact on the United States of significant international Cold War conflicts. Describe how Cold War tensions were intensified by the space race. mutually assured destruction John Foster Dulles massive retaliation brinkmanship Nikita Khrushchev nationalized Suez crisis Eisenhower Doctrine Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The Cold War 1945-1991

The Arms Race Intensifies Tensions a rapid increase in the quantity or quality of military power by rival states in peacetime. (Weapons) Soviets Test Atomic Weapon (Aug 29th 1949) – Start of the arms race Create a fake city in Kazakhstan to test the effects US Spy Plane detects radiation in the atmosphere America not the only country with Nuclear weaponry Truman creates Atomic Energy Commission Build Hydrogen Bomb (H-Bomb) – 1,000x more powerful that “fat man” Soviets get atomic technology from USA Klaus Fuchs- passes nuclear secrets to the Soviets. USA Test H-Bomb – Nov 1 1952 USSR Test H – Bomb – Nov 22, 1953

The Arms Race Intensifies Tensions Mutually Assured Destruction Threat of nuclear war would prevent use of nuclear weapons Nuclear weapons > people Fear of Nuclear war becomes realistic

The Arms Race Intensifies Tensions

Eisenhower’s Response to Soviet Aggression Eisenhower becomes president (1952) Contain communism + build up more nuclear weapons Communism biggest threat to Democracy. John Foster Dulles – Domino Theory One country falls to communism, surrounding nations will fall Eisenhower Policies Stockpile of nuclear weapons Massive Retaliation – respond to communists threat Use overwhelming force/nuclear weapons to crush communist

Brinkmanship Rules U.S Policy The Policy of Brinkmanship Dwight D. Eisenhower John Foster Dulles Brinkmanship the U.S. promising to use all of its force, including nuclear weapons against aggressor nations like the S.U. US would increase spending on air force

International Cold War Conflicts New Soviet Leader Stalin passes away – March 5, 1953 Nakita Khrushchev – new soviet leader Not as extreme as Stalin Looked for better relations with USA Peacefully Spread Communism Geneva Summit – 1955 Khrushchev and Eisenhower meet Peace Coexistence Eisenhower’s “Open Skies” United States and the Soviet Union to exchange maps indicating the exact location of every military installation in their respective nations. proposal rejected

Battle for the Middle East Eisenhower Doctrine Support countries in the Middle East The Suez Crisis Canal to link the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Middle Eastern Oil to Europe Egypt negotiates with USA and USSR to help fund project Egypt Nationalized canal – violates international law Trade access for Israel. Britain and France take control of canal Eisenhower refuses to support Allies(Britain, France + Israel.)

The Cold War Spreads Around the World Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Intelligence Gathering agency Covert or spy missions to protect USA Coup in Iran – 1953 Coup in Guatemala - 1954 KGB – USSR Spy organization gather intelligence in other nations, conduct counterintelligence, maintain the secret police

The Space Race USSR vs. USA USSR -Sputnik, on Oct 4, 1957 Power from Sputnik could be used to launch Intercontinental ballistic missiles. (ICBMs) Sputnik II – carried a dog National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA-1958): established to counter the Soviet successes in space Explorer I (1958): USA Satellite