Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299

Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299 Jacksonian Democracy III. Indian Removal A. Expansion of Democracy A. Indian Removal Act B. Election of 1828 B. Cherokee Resistance 1. The Campaign C. Other Native Americans Resist 2. Jackson’s Inauguration Jackson’s Administration A. Social Differences Increase 1. Three Regions Emerge 2. Tariff of Abominations B. States’ Rights Debate 1. Nullification Crisis 2. The Hayne-Webster Debate 3. Jackson Responds C. Jackson Attacks the Bank D. Panic of 1837

Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299 Jacksonian Democracy A. Expansion of Democracy * shops replaced by factories * craftspeople replaced by hired workers * People believed losing power in government * Growing belief wealthy gripping power in U.S. * People rallied behind Jackson as defender of common man * Many state lowered property requirements for voting * Political parties began to hold nominating conventions B. Election of 1828 * The Democratic Party rose from Jackson’s supporters * Repeat of 1824 Election John Q. Adams v. Andrew Jackson 1. The Campaign * Campaign focused on personalities * Jackson described as hot tempered, crude, & ill-equipted * Adams described as “out of touch” with everyday people

Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299 Jacksonian Democracy (continued) B. Election of 1828 2. Jackson’s Inauguration * Jackson’s supporters saw victory as for the common people * After the Inauguration supporters followed Jackson back to The White House lawn * Jackson rewarded supporters with government jobs * Martin Van Buren became Secretary of State * Jackson relied on his advisors, or Kitchen Cabinet, that often met in the White House Kitchen

Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299 II. Jackson’s Administration A. Sectional Differences Increase * regional differences had major effect on Jackson’s presidency 1. Three Regions Emerge * North – based on trade & manufacturing - supported tariffs * South – farming cash crops – imported manufactured goods * South – enslaved blacks to work on plantations * West – frontier economy just emerging 2. Tariff of Abominations * North wanted tariff to protect industry from foreign competition * Tariff signed into law by president John Q. Adams * Angry South called tariff an abomination (hateful) B. States’ Rights Debate * Jackson forced to deal with tariffs * Core of dispute – Could a states’ rights let state disregard laws

Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299 II. Jackson’s Administration (continued) B. States’ Rights Debate * Jackson forced to deal with tariffs * Core of dispute – Could a states’ rights let state disregard laws 1. Nullification Crisis * Vice Pres Calhoun also protested Tariff of Abominations * Calhoun wrote S. Carolina Exposition & Protest – stated Congress should not favor one state, or region, over another * Calhoun also argued for the states’ rights doctrine * Calhoun believed a state had right to nullify a law they believed was unconstitutional * Calhoun resigned from the Vice Presidency 2. The Hayne –Webster Debate * SC Senator Haynes defended states’ rights & nullification –gave states lawful way to protest federal legislation * MA Senator Daniel Webster said the U.S. was one nation, not a pact of independent states-welfare of nation should override individual states

Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299 II. Jackson’s Administration (continued) B. States’ Rights Debate 3. Jackson Responds * Jackson urged Congress to lower tariff – not adequate enough * S. Carolina passes Nullification Act – voided tariffs of 1828 & 1832 – S.C. voted to form an army * Jackson enraged – Congress passes Force Bill to use army * Henry Clay proposes compromise to lower tariff over years * Jacksons intentions got Congress & S.C. to make the deal

Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299 II. Jackson’s Administration (continued) C. Jackson Attacks the Bank * Jackson opposed the 2nd Bank of the U.S. * The banks 20 yr. charter made it U.S. financial agent * Jackson believed the bank was unconstitutional * McCulloch v. Maryland ruled the bank was constitutional * Jackson transferred U.S. banks money to state banks, which loaned on easy credit terms & caused inflation D. Panic of 1837 * The Whig Party formed to oppose Jackson in 1834 – they favored the idea of a weak president & strong Congress * Whigs tried to show that Jackson used his power like a king * Van Buren won election with Jackson’s support * Shortly after Van Buren took office the Panic set in – a severe economic depression * Panic was Jackson’s fault, but people blamed Van Buren * 1840 Whigs nominate William Henry Harrison & win

Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299 III. Indian Removal A. Indian Removal Act * The Indian Removal Act authorized removal of Indians who lived east of Mississippi River to lands in the West * Congress established Indian Territory in what is today Oklahoma * Congress created the Bureau of Indian Affairs to manage the removal to western lands * Choctaw 1st to be forced out of lands – Mississippi abolished Choctaw gov’t, forced them to sign Treaty of Dancing Rabbit * One the trip to Indian Territory 1/4 of Choctaw died of cold, disease & starvation B. Cherokee Resistance * Cherokee adopted contemporary culture to avoid conflict * Cherokee learned English & set up a Constitutional gov’t * Adopting the white culture did not protect the Cherokee after gold was discovered on their land in Georgia

Chapter 9 – The Age of Jackson Pages 284-299 III. Indian Removal (continued) B. Cherokee Resistance * Worcester v. Georgia ruled Cherokee a distinct community Where Georgia law had no force * Jackson did not uphold the ruling & violated his oath of office * After the Cherokee were removed, Georgia took their businesses, farms, and property