Bell Ringer How did the middle class structure change as a result of the Industrial Revolution?

Reforming the Industrial World 9.4

Philosophers of Industrialization Laissez-faire (“let people do as they please”) economics: Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations (1776) Defended free markets Foundation of capitalism: factors of production PRIVATELY owned – little government interference Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo contributed to laissez-faire capitalism Opposed govt efforts to help poor workers

Rise of Socialism Utilitarianism Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill Govt should promote the greatest good for greatest number of people More equal division of profits Socialism Charles Fourier and Saint-Simon Factors of production owned by public and operate for welfare of all Concern for social justice Wanted govt to actively plan the economy Argued this would promote equality and end poverty

Marxism: Radical Socialism Karl Marx – The Communist Manifesto (1848) Society divided: “haves” (bourgeoisie)) and “have-nots” (proletariat) IR enriched the wealthy and impoverished the poor Predicted workers would overthrow the owners Sharing of profits and economic equality

Labor Unions and Reform Laws Unions formed to represent employees Collective bargaining = negotiating If demands not met, then employees strike Factory Act of 1833 – illegal to hire under 9 Ten Hours Act of 1847 (women/children)

Reform Movement Spreads Abolition of slavery (1833 in Britain) William Wilberforce Women’s Rights Fought for equal wages Jane Addams ran settlement houses for poor residents Public Education (late 1800s) Horace Mann fought for free public ed