KEY IDEA: Weather Hazards PAPER 1: Living with the physical environment SECTION A: The challenge of natural hazards KEY IDEA: Weather Hazards 1

I can describe the global atmospheric circulation model. Hadley Cell: Equator: Rising air: Low Pressure: Rain (Rainforest) Cell then sinks: Sinking air: High Pressure: Dry (Deserts) Cells repeat forming areas of rain and dry areas/ Cells control our weather.

I can describe the relationship between pressure belts and surface winds Jet Streams: High altitude currents Bring different air masses Cold/ Hot/ Warm/ Dry Polar Jet Stream: Brings cold/ warm air to the UK and changes our weather in all seasons.

I can describe the global distribution of tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones and typhoons) Tropical Storm Distribution: Tropics Between 5 – 20 degrees Hurricanes: Atlantic Indian Ocean: Cyclone Pacific: Typhoon

I can state the causes of a tropical storm (including formation and their development) Ingredients: 27 degrees and above water 70 metres deep 5 degrees off equator so coriolis effect can spin storm End of summer so ocean has warmed up!

I can discuss the structure and features of a tropical storm Formation: Warm ocean – water evaporates Cumulonimbus clouds formed (storm clouds) Storms line up and coriolis spin together and continues to build Storm loses energy over land Structure: Eye – air fills in the low pressure gap/ calm conditions/ no clouds/ no wind Eye Wall – highest wind speeds/ tallest storm clouds/ heavy rain Bands of wind and rain

I can explain how climate change affects distribution, frequency and intensity of tropical storms. More intense/ warmer oceans/ more evaporation/ more rainfall Frequency: Same overall but maybe more intense storms as above Uncertainty: Hard to know if climate change fault or increased population in areas affected by storms

I can identify the primary & secondary effects of tropical storms. Katrina, Louisiana, USA (HIC) Primary Secondary Deaths: 1242 (Poor Black Community – couldn’t get out) People moved out (-8%) ½ million refugees 9 million chickens dead Levees broke Looting and violence City flooded

I can identify immediate & long term responses to tropical storms. Army restore order U2 and Green Day – ‘When the Saints are coming’ gig to raise money Evacuate Repair levees Send poor to Superdome Repair tourist regions

How to prepare for a tropical storm Weather Hazards I can describe how monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of tropical storms. Predict: Satellites Aircraft Supercomputers National Hurricane Centre Prepare: Emergency kits Knowing evacuation routes and centres How to prepare for a tropical storm Protect: Secure houses Storm shutters Houses on stilts

I can identify types of weather hazard the UK experience. Extreme Weather Why does it happen? Named example Consequence of weather How to Manage the risk Floods Storms from Atlantic Saturated ground Cockermouth, Cumbria 1 policeman died Bridges collapsed Landslides 1,500 homes flooded £100 million damage Hard and soft engineering Drought Blocking anti cyclones (no rain) Hose pipe bans Extreme cold Blocking Anti Cyclone Flights/ trains cancelled Storms Storms from Atlantic (tail end of hurricanes) Predict and warn Tornadoes Mix of cold and warm air

Causes of the Cumbria floods (2009) Using a UK specific example, I can identify what has caused the hazard. Causes of the Cumbria floods (2009)

Using a UK specific example, I can explain the impacts (SEE). Economic: Businesses are shut down after flooding £100 million damage Social: 6 bridges collapsed 1,500 homes flooded 1 police man died Environmental: Live stock killed Landslides on saturated river banks

Management strategies Weather Hazards Using a UK specific example, I can describe and explain how management strategies reduce the risk of hazards. Flood defences: Mobile flood wall that can be raised during a flood. Text Messages: Text message warning straight to smart phones so people can act quickly. Management strategies Tourism Adverts: Adverts to encourage tourists back so business can return to normal.

I can outline how weather in the UK has become more extreme. Extreme Weather More Extreme Floods Warmer/ wetter winters Drought UK temp up by 1 degree Storms