2-3 Carbon Compounds

The Chemistry of Carbon Because of carbons 4 valence electrons it can form covalent bonds with many other elements (octet rule) 2/25/2019

Chemistry (cont) Plus, it can bond with itself Carboxylic Acid Ethane Each line represents a pair of shared electrons 2/25/2019

More Carbon Carbon can have single, double or triple bonds 2/25/2019

Macromolecules Many molecules are made of thousands, if not hundreds of thousands of other molecules Large molecules Macro = large Micro = small Formed by a process called Polymerization 2/25/2019

More Macromolecules Polymers = many monomers joined together mono = one poly = many 2/25/2019

2/25/2019

4 Macromolecules Four organic compounds formed through this idea of polymerization Carbohydrates (sugars – simple and complex) Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins 2/25/2019

Carbohydrates Carbon + water = carbohydrate Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Chemical formula ratio C H2O Main source of energy for living things 2/25/2019

Monosacharides Monomers = Monosaccharide ENERGY source Glucose (blood sugar), fructose, galactose Simple sugars – “sweet” Upon digestion they don’t have to be broken down Associated with “sugar highs” sugar is available immediately All have chemical formula C6H12O6 2/25/2019

Disaccharides Disaccharide = two mono’s put together Table sugar = sucrose Milk sugar = lactose Relatively small Sweet – would enter bloodstream quite quickly Two monosaccharide molecules put together 2/25/2019

Polysaccharides Polysaccharide = “many” monosaccharide molecules bonded together Large macromolecules Can be 1000’s of glucose molecules long Starch = polysaccharide Glucose = monosaccharide 2/25/2019

Animal Polysaccharides Glycogen (animal starch) Polysaccharide in animals that stores excess sugar. Stored in liver and muscles Released and broken down when glucose (mono) is low. Excess monosaccharides will be converted 2/25/2019

Polysaccharide in plants that forms cell walls Plant Polysaccharide Cellulose (fiber) Polysaccharide in plants that forms cell walls Very rigid giving plants structure Can’t be digested by humans but great in our diet. 2/25/2019

Lipids Mostly made from carbon and hydrogen Can be used to store energy Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings 2/25/2019

2/25/2019

Lipids Fats, oils, and waxes Used in cell membranes Used to Store energy (9 calories per gram vs. 4 calories for carbs) 2/25/2019

Saturated Vs Unsaturated 2/25/2019

Saturated Fats Solid at room temp 2/25/2019

Unsaturated Liquid at room temp 2/25/2019

Nucleic Acids Macromolecules containing H, O, N, C, and P Made of nucleotides which consist of 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information 2 kinds RNA DNA 2/25/2019

2/25/2019

Nucleic Acid Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Sides of ladder = Sugar + Phosphate Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T) Guanine (G) pairs with Cytosine (C) Nitrogen Base Nucleotide = monomers Deoxyribose sugar Phosphate 2/25/2019

Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acids store and transmit hereditary or genetic info. Order of nitrogen base pairs Determines individual uniqueness (eyes, hair, disease, etc.) 2/25/2019

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Double Helix Two sided, Helix – twisted DNA Molecule Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid Double Helix Two sided, Helix – twisted Found in our nucleus Contain genetic information coded in the sequence of nitrogen bases RNA molecule Ribose Nucleic Acid Contains sugar called ribose One sided P G C 2/25/2019

Proteins Macromolecules containing H, C, and O. Polymers of amino acids 2/25/2019

Examples 2/25/2019

Amino Acids Polymers made up of monomers called amino acids. 20 different amino acids. Can be fit together in many different ways to make various functioning proteins Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine Amino acid amino acid amino acid protein 2/25/2019

Amino Acids Polymers made up of monomers called amino acids. 20 different amino acids. Can be fit together in many different ways to make various functioning proteins Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine Amino acid amino acid amino acid protein Go to Section: 2/25/2019

Amino Acids General structure Alanine Serine Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine Go to Section: 2/25/2019

Proteins Roles Rate of reactions and regulate cell processes Form bone and muscle Transport substances in and out of cells Fight disease 2/25/2019

Review Carbon Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins include Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins that consist of that consist of that consist of that consist of Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids which contain which contain which contain which contain Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen Carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen, 2/25/2019