Radjewski – Ecology Unit’ AP Biology Chapter 45-46 Review Radjewski – Ecology Unit’ AP Biology

45.1 Community – groups of populations living together at the same time at the same place Species Composition – what particular mix of species are in the community

45.2 #3 Extinction can be caused by Unable to adapt to environment conditions Lack of resource Competition, predators or pathogens Just a small population to begin with that they all die before reproducing ** are eventually replaced by new species Colonization – adds to the size of the community

4 Disturbances A sudden environmental change (volcanic eruptions, wildfires, hurricanes, landslides etc.) could wipe out all of some species in a community

Succession – 3 processes that contribute (#5 & 7) Species vary in their colonizing ability Environmental conditions change over time – and species differ in their environmental tolerances Climate change which change where species could possibly live (#8)

Succession continued Primary Succession Secondary Succession Occurs on new land that has not had any life growing there before Occurs on land that has had life live there before, but has been disturbed or destroyed in some way

45.3 #9 Niche Set of environmental tolerances of a species, which define where it can live Also refers to the way in which a species obtains energy and materials and to its pattern of interaction with other species in the community

10. Producers and Consumer Consumers Photosynthetic organisms #11) Also called primary producers Also called autotrophs Eat and get energy from producers Also called hetertrophs Primary consumers are called herbivores and only eat plants Secondary consumers are primary carnivores that eat herbivores Tertiary consumers are secondary carnivores and eat primary carnivores

12. & 13 Energy Budget Terms Gross Primary Productivity Net Primary Productivity Total amount of energy that primary producers capture and convert to chemical energy during some period of time GPP Energy that is contained in the tissues that primary producers have produced during that time Measured by: Rate of uptake of CO2 during photosynthesis Release of CO2 during respiration

14 & 15 & 16 Trophic Level Feeding positions Primary producers 1, 2, 3 consumers Energy and biomass is lost as it moves through food chains/webs (#16)

17. Only 10% of the energy incorporated in primary producers is found in the 2nd trophic level and so on. This loss of available energy limits the number of trophic levels a community can support

45.4 #18 Two elements of species diversity Species richness – number of species in a community Species evenness – distribution of species

Ch 46 – 46.1 #1 How does the definition of ecosystem expand on the concept of community? Ecosystems are just communities and all the abiotic factors

2. Which ecosystems have the highest NPP per unit area? Tropical forests Swamps and marshes, algal beds and coral reefs #3 why? It is more natural and not cultivated, but also due to climate and nutrient availability Oceans are low NPP because low minerals and it’s cold (#4) #5 -

Biogeochemical cycle Movements of matter among Earth

6 chemical elements organisms need in large quantities Sulfur Phosphorus Oxygen Nitrogen Carbon hydrogen sponch

Pool vs. Flux Pool Flux Total amount of an element or molecule in a given compartment Will grow or shrunk due to flux The flow into and out of the compartment

9 Energy flows through ecosystems where materials cycle within ecosystems Energy enters the Earth from outside, drives biogeochemical processes, then leaves the earth system Materials are converted and moved from organic to inorganic compartments

11 Why is nitrogen a limiting nutrient for plant growth? Organisms like plants cannot access nitrogen from the atmosphere – (they can’t break down N2’s triple covalent bond)

Nitrogen Cycle Roles Nitrogen Fixation Takes N2 and changes it to NH4 Done by bacteria in soil Dentrification Takes Nitrate (NO3) and turns it into N2 Also done by bacteria This completes the cycle

Eutrophication, elements & why is it a problem? Eutrophication – overproduction of nutrients in aquatic systems due to primary productivity that causes a rapid growth of phytoplankton Nitrogen and oxygen It’s a problem because the phytoplankton are in excess and due to respiration, oxygen levels get depleted causing issues to fish and crustaceans etc. Areas of oxygen depletion are called dead zones

46.4 Greenhouse effect & gases Warming of Earth that results from retention of heat in the atmosphere The 4 greenhouse gases are Water vapor Carbon dioxide Methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O)

Completion Higher global temperatures are affecting climate worldwide. A warmer Earth means not only hotter air temperatures, but also a more intense water cycle, with greater overall evaporation and precipitation In general, wet regions are expected to get wetter and dry regions drier.

Radiation Balance – human activities Burning of fossil fuels Deforestation Deposition of soot/dust