Psychology in Everyday Life David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall Psychology in Everyday Life Third Edition Chapter 13 Psychological Disorders Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.1 Percentage of Americans Reporting Certain Psychological Disorders in the Past Year David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Researchers surveyed Dutch people to identify the most common events or objects they feared. A strong fear becomes a phobia if it provokes a compelling but irrational desire to avoid the dreaded object or situation. (From Depla et al., 2008.) Figure 13.1 Some common and uncommon specific fears David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13. 2 When Is Drug Use a Disorder. David G. Myers and C Table 13.2 When Is Drug Use a Disorder? David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 13. 2 Drug tolerance David G. Myers and C Figure 13.2 Drug tolerance David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Daniel Hommer, NIAAA, NIH, HHS MRI scans show brain shrinkage in women with alcohol use disorder (left) compared with women in a control group (right). Figure 13.3 Alcohol use disorder shrinks the brain David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13. 3 Warning Signs of Alcohol Use Disorder David G. Myers and C Table 13.3 Warning Signs of Alcohol Use Disorder David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Nicotine reaches the brain within 7 seconds, twice as fast as intravenous heroin. Within minutes, the amount in the blood soars. Figure 13.4 Where there’s smoke . . . : The physiological effects of nicotine David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.4 The Odds of Getting Hooked After Trying Various Drugs David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 13. 5 Cocaine euphoria and crash David G. Myers and C Figure 13.5 Cocaine euphoria and crash David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

From Hallucinations by Ronald K From Hallucinations by Ronald K. Siegel, Scientific American 237, 132 - 139 (1977 People under the influence of hallucinogenic drugs often see “a bright light in the center of the field of vision. . . .The location of this point of light create[s] a tunnel-like perspective” (Siegel, 1977). This is very similar to others’ reported near-death experiences. Figure 13.6 Hallucination or near-death vision? David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13.5 A Guide to Selected Psychoactive Drugs David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

The percentage of U.S. high school seniors who said they had used alcohol, marijuana, or cocaine during the past 30 days peaked in the late 1970s. (From Johnston et al., 2013.) Figure 13.7 Trends in drug use David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13. 6 Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder David G. Myers and C Table 13.6 Diagnosing Major Depressive Disorder David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Table 13. 7 Percentage Answering Yes When Asked “Have You Cried Today Table 13.7 Percentage Answering Yes When Asked “Have You Cried Today?” David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Interviews with 89,037 adults in 18 countries (10 of which are shown here) confirm what many smaller studies have found. Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double that of men’s (Bromet et al., 2011). Figure 13.8 Gender and major depression David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Researchers used data from studies of identical and fraternal twins to estimate the heritability of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa, major depressive disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder (Bienvenu et al., 2011). Figure 13.9 The heritability of various psychological disorders David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Courtesy of Drs. Lewis Baxter and Michael E Courtesy of Drs. Lewis Baxter and Michael E. Phelps, UCLA School of Medicine PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with the patient’s emotional switches. Red areas are where the brain is using energy most rapidly. Figure 13.10 The ups and downs of bipolar disorder David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Figure 13. 11 Outlook and depression David G. Myers and C Figure 13.11 Outlook and depression David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Cognitive therapists attempt to break this cycle, as we will see in Chapter 14, by changing the way depressed people process events. Psychiatrists prescribe medication to try to alter the biological roots of persistently depressed moods. Figure 13.12 The vicious cycle of depressed thinking David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

The lifetime risk of developing schizophrenia varies for family members of a person with this disorder. The closer the genetic relationship, the higher the risk. Across countries, barely more than 1 in 10 fraternal twins, but some 5 in 10 identical twins, share a schizophrenia diagnosis. (Adapted from Gottesman, 2001.) Figure 13.13 Risk of developing schizophrenia David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers

Levels of the stress hormone adrenaline were measured in two groups of 13-year-old Swedish boys. In both stressful and nonstressful situations, those who would later be convicted of a crime (as 18- to 26-year-olds) showed relatively low arousal as 13-year-olds. (From Magnusson, 1990.) Figure 13.14 Cold-blooded arousability and risk of crime David G. Myers and C. Nathan DeWall: Psychology in Everyday Life, Third Edition Copyright © 2014 by Worth Publishers