Historical Perspectives of Education Chapter 3 Historical Perspectives of Education

Changes in Schools since WW II Almost doubling enrollment Need for more schools and classroom space Increased demand for teachers, lower requirements Consolidation of school districts Increased busing Higher expenditures, bigger budgets Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Curricular shifts Progressive Education Report (1942) Multiple publications, Aims of education Sputnik, NDEA and widespread curricular changes Curriculum today broader and more inclusive Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Growth of Special Education Traditionally, schools had no special ed. programs Education for Handicapped Children Act (1975) States and colleges developed special ed. programs Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Federal Gov’t Involvement Increasing involvement through legislation since 1940s Vocational Education for National Defense Act Lanham Act and community facilities G.I. Bill and education for Veterans National Science Foundation, NDEA, and other initiatives Increased federal funding meant increased control Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Professionalizing Teaching Formal teacher training fairly recent phenomenon Late 1800s - early1900s, Teacher-training formalized States had certification requirements by mid-20th century All facets of education have become professionalized Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Recent trends in schooling Roman Catholic enrollment decline Increasing enrollment in non-Catholic private schools Home schooling on the rise Proliferation of adult education options Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Evolution of Testing James Conant, SAT as predictor of college success Creation of the Education Testing Service (ETS) Pressure to improve assessments Most states today require standardize test Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Views on aims of education Education to save souls during colonial period Committee of Ten recommendations (1892) Seven Cardinal Principles for secondary education Progressive Education Association Eight-year study NEA, Purposes of Education in American Democracy NEA, Education for All American Youth Education Policies Commission releases aims (1952) Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Preparing teachers to teach Colonial teachers had little to no training Apprenticeship model, first form of teacher training Indentured servants often used as teachers Benjamin Franklin, Academy and teacher training. Normal school, first teacher-training institute (1823) Establishment of state teachers’ colleges University teacher programs around 1900 Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Other recent trends U.S. educational system highly scrutinized Widespread efforts to improve education since late 1940s New models for organizing education developed Analysis of teaching movement Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Effective Teaching Strong leaders who direct classroom activities Maximize instructional time Deliver lessons in clear, business-like fashion Use structured, well-organized lessons Break topics into smaller components Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Effective Teaching (continued) Focus on one point at a time Pre-assess and check for prerequisite skills Use probing questions, offer detailed explanations Provide corrective feedback Use prompts and cues to support student learning Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Study of the Learning Process Lev. Vygotsky, social development theory Robert Havighurst, mastery of developmental tasks Piaget, developmental theory Jerome Bruner, theory of cognitive growth Benjamin Bloom, factors that influence learning B. F. Skinner, behavioral theory of learning. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al

Contemporary Perspectives Plethora of critics on low U.S. educational standards Significant shift in perspectives on education Varying views on significance of educational events Educational questions should be viewed through historical lens. Foundations of American Education, 15e Johnson, et al