General Oceanography Chapter 10_2 Young-Heon Jo Coastal Ocean

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Presentation transcript:

General Oceanography Chapter 10_2 Young-Heon Jo Coastal Ocean November 21, 2013 Young-Heon Jo

Chapter Overview Coastal waters support about 95% of the total biomass in the oceans. Most commercial fish are caught within 320 km (200 miles) from shore. Coast waters are important also for shipping, oil and gas production, and recreation. Pollution is a major issue.

Ocean Ownership In 1609 the sea was free to all (mare liberum). Assumed fish resources are inexhaustible In 1702 the territorial sea area was declared under the coastal nation’s sovereignty (3 nautical miles from shore). Distance of cannon shot

United Nations Law of Sea United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea 1958 1960 1973–1982 Treaties have undergone revisions.

Law of the Sea Coastal nations jurisdiction National sovereignty extends 12 nautical miles Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) 200 nautical miles (370 km) from land (mineral and fishing resources) Right of free passage for ships Open ocean mining regulated by International Seabed Authority United Nations arbitrates disputes

United States EEZ

World’s Largest Oil Spills

Petroleum Blowout of undersea oil wells Ixtoc #1 Mexico spill World’s largest spill from well

DDT Decline in bird populations Thin eggshells Long Island osprey California brown pelican DDT banned in United States in 1972 Rebound of some marine bird populations

Mercury and Minamata Disease Methyl mercury toxic to most living organisms Chemical plant in Minamata Bay, Japan, released mercury in 1938 First reported ecological changes in 1950 By 1953 humans poisoned Neurological disorder

Non-Point-Source Pollution and Trash Not from underwater pipelines For example, from storm drains Trash Pesticides and fertilizers Road oil

Ocean Dumping Law

Plastics Vast majority of marine debris 80% of marine debris from land sources Most of it plastic Not readily biodegradable Entangle fish, marine mammals, and birds Plastic bags choke turtles Mistake for jellyfish Some plastics attract poisons, e.g., DDT, PCBs

Effects of Plastic Marine Trash

Plastics in the Ocean Floating plastics photodegrade Break into smaller pieces Marine plastic particles increasing significantly Regions of floating trash Eastern Pacific Garbage Patch

Biological Pollution: Non-Native Species Originate elsewhere, introduced by humans intentionally or accidentally Outcompete and dominate native populations Invasive species cause extensive damage annually