METALLIC STRUCTURAL MATERIALS Nonferrous Metals and Alloys

Prominent Features of Nonferrous Metals Characteristic colour Low melting temperature Low hardness High plasticity Absence of polymorphic transformations

Classification of Nonferrous Metals Light: Al, Mg, Be, [ Ti ] Low-melting: Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi Noble: Au, Ag, Pt, [ Cu ] Refractory: W, V, Nb, Zr, Ti

Russian platinum coins of XIX century

Aluminium Alloys W – wrought alloys, C – cast alloys, NS – alloys not strengthened by heat treatment, S – alloys strengthened by heat treatment

The eutectic consists of two phases: E = α + CuAl2. Phase Diagram Al – Cu The eutectic consists of two phases: E = α + CuAl2.

Microstructure of Duralumin Annealing Quenching Ageing 60 HB 75 HB 140 HB

Structural and Property Change in Duralumin in the process of Ageing Type of Ageing t, °C Structural Change Property Change Natural and low-temperature artificial ageing ≤100-150 Guinier-Preston zones (ZGP 1) ↑ σт; σт/σв≤0,7; ↑ δ, KCU, corrosion resistance Long-term artificial ageing 100-150 Guinier-Preston zones (ZGP 2) Artificial ageing 150-200 Phase θ σт/σв до 0,95; ↓δ, KCU, corrosion resistance 200-250 Phase θ

Структура сплава на основе алюминия: Microstructure of high-strength aluminium alloy: strengthening by disperse particles , where R is distance between particles     Структура сплава на основе алюминия:

Aluminium is an air-craft alloy (unit strength of its alloys is more than 20)

Titanium Alloys Alloying elements form solid solutions (а) or eutectoid mixes (b) with titanium a b

Phase diagram Ti – Al L L L

Microstructure of titanium alloy ВТ6 after quenching (titanium martensite)

Microstructure of titanium alloy ВТ15 after quenching and ageing

Native Copper

Copper is one of the most plastic metals Copper is one of the most plastic metals. Slip lines on a polished copper surface

Rolled copper wire is the most important material for electrical industry

Phase Diagram Copper–Zinc L

Strength and plasticity of brass depending on zinc content

Brass articles made by cold sheet metal stamping

Phase Diagram Copper–Tin

Bronzes properties depending on tin content

Microstructures of bronzes

Specific characteristics of metallic materials Grade (Russian) σT, MPa σT/(ρ·g), km E/(ρ·g)·10-3, km Magnesium alloy МА10 430 21 2,3 Aluminium alloy В96 700 23 2,4 Titanium alloy ВТ15 1500 30 2,6 Steel 03Н18К9М5Т 2000 27 Beryllium   680 37 16,1 Материал Марка σВ, МПа σВ/(ρ·g), км E/(ρ·g)·10-3, км Сплав магния МА10 430 21 2,3 Сплав алюминия В96 700 23 2,4 Сплав титана ВТ15 1500 30 2,6 Сталь 03Н18К9М5Т 2000 27 Бериллий   680 37 16,1