Factors that Affect Climate

What is climate? Climate is the average weather conditions over a long period of time Includes average temperatures and precipitation, wind patterns, humidity, air pressure Weather is what it is NOW, climate is what it SHOULD BE based on past history.

How is this different from “weather”? Weather changes day to day. Weather can fall inside normal ranges or outside of what is expected from the climate- “above or below average” Climate is the benchmark; what we expect

NJ Averages Average April Precip: 4.60 in. 4/30/14 Precip: 3.24 in. Average May High Temp: 71°F Today’s high: 67°F

Climate Factors Temperature Factors (LADBWOC!) Latitude Altitude Distance to a Body of Water Ocean Currents Precipitation Factors (TP) Topography Prevailing Winds

How does Latitude affect climate How does Latitude affect climate? (the angular distance N or S of the equator) Latitude is the most significant factor for determining climate Warmer at the equator Colder at the poles – in general Seasons are REVERSED between N. and S. Hemisphere

Factors Affecting Climate Latitude, Climate, and Elevation Earth’s revolution and its tilted axis create predictable climate patterns that correspond with latitude zones. The low latitudes include the area between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer, including the Equator; all receive nearly direct sunlight and have warm to hot climates. The high latitudes include the polar zones, which generally have very cold climates. The mid-latitude zones between 30 and 60° experience variable weather with generally temperate climates. Elevation influences climate at all latitudes.

How does Altitude affect climate? As you go up in altitude, you go down in temperature and sometimes precipitation

How does the Distance from large bodies of water affect climate? Large bodies of water regulate temperature due to water’s properties. The ocean thermostat- keeps it warmer in winter and cooler in the summer less fluctuation Inland climate have more extreme temperature fluctuations throughout the year

How do nearby Ocean Currents affect the climate? Warm and cold ocean currents bring warm moist air near to coastal areas. Great Britain is an example – latitude position puts it in the cold and dry climate zone However it is moist and warmer due to the Gulf Stream, a warm current.

How do the Prevailing winds affect climate How do the Prevailing winds affect climate? Prevailing winds are winds that blow predominantly from a single general direction over a particular point on the Earth's surface. Global winds are generated by the rotation of the earth and move air around the globe. Prevailing winds (like the Trade Winds) regulate climate Winds bring storms, air masses of different temps.

How does Topography affect the climate? The lay of the ground plays an important role in regulating climate Ex. The windward side of a coastal mountain range is wetter than the leeward side – rain shadow effect

www.olympicrainshadow.com

Other Factors- Plate Tectonics Tectonic plates have shifted across Earth’s surface for billions of years Greenland and Antarctica used to be tropical S. Africa had glaciers NJ had volcanoes Most of the Western U.S. was underwater

Other Factors- Volcanic Eruptions Volcanoes can warm AND cool the planet Volcanoes emit CO2 which is a greenhouse gas  global warming But volcanoes also emit SO2 and aerosols (tiny solid particles) that REFLECT sunlight back into space Less radiation reaches Earth  COOLING

% Change in Solar Radiation www.esrl.noaa.gov

Ice Ages Earth naturally fluctuates between ice ages and interglacial periods ICE AGE- an era of cooler than normal global temperatures INTERGLACIAL PERIOD- era of warmer than normal temps. Scientists claim the next ice age is 50,000 years away

Other Factors- Astronomy Milankovitch Cycles: Flux in Earth’s orbit and Earth’s axis over long time periods

What We Know- Facts Earth’s climate HAS changed many times over time naturally Our climate IS changing right NOW, but it’s different than ever documented before WHY???? Humans adding GHGs has warmed the planet in the past 200 yrs  This is FACT

Looking at Climatograms Your group will get “pairs” of cities to compare climates Write down a list of observations from each graph for each city: highest temp, highest precip., trends, patterns, etc. Determine which climate factor is affecting the climates of these cities and provide at least 1 piece of factual evidence to support your claim. You can use Google maps to help locate

Practice- NYC vs. Sydney

NYC Climate Facts Warmest months: June, July, August Consistently around 100 mm precip/month Coldest months: Dec, Jan, Feb. Coastal City (Atlantic Ocean) N. Hemisphere: 40.7° N Elevation: sea level (0)

Practice- NYC vs. Sydney

Sydney Climate Facts: Warmest months: Dec., Jan, Feb Coldest months: May, June, July, Aug Precipitation averages to ~100 mm/month Coastal city Southern Hemisphere: 34° S Elevation: sea level

Which factor? Latitude? Altitude? Distance to Body of Water? Ocean Currents? Topography? Prevailing Winds?

City Pairs Chico, CA vs. Reno, NV Norfolk, VA vs. San Francisco, CA Estes Park, CO vs. Lincoln, NE Boston, MA vs. Minneapolis, MN