The Impact of Contact page 36 Grade 7 Socials Chapter 2 The Impact of Contact page 36

I. Early contact in the Maritimes What is “contact”? Contact is the term historians use to refer to the time when Europeans first came to North America.

2. Where did contact first take place? Contact first took place on the Atlantic Coast.

The Matthew – sailed from Bristol, England

John Cabot aka Giovanni Caboto

Jacques Cartier meeting the Aboriginal people of North America

3. What happened when the First Nations people first met the European newcomers? FN were curious; mostly willing to mix with Europeans Europeans needed help to survive Both groups recognized benefits of trade FN had furs – Europeans traded with metal pots, knives, guns, blankets, etc.

The French and English set up trading posts.

Early Settlers

Treaties: 4. What is a “treaty” A treaty is an agreement between two or more nations. It sets out each nations’ rights and responsibilities and is meant to be honored and respected by each nation.

Several different reasons such as: To settle a war 5. Why are treaties made? Several different reasons such as: To settle a war To agree on economic issues

6. Why did the British and the First Nations people sign treaties? Believed that the treaties would ensure peace and allow them to keep their way of life for future generations.

FN agreed to act peaceably towards British 7. What were the main ideas of the Covenant Chain of Treaties , also known as Treaties of Peace and Friendship? FN agreed to act peaceably towards British British agreed to respect FN’s rights **FN did NOT agree to give up land or natural resources These treaties still apply to FN in the Maritimes today

The Effect of the Fur Trade

8. Before Europeans came, how did the First Nations people meet their needs and wants? Hunted, fished, and gathered food, finding the best food sources at each time of the year

Became used to using European goods such as cloth and flour 9. How did this change after Europeans came and First nations became involved in the Fur Trade? Spent more time hunting for fur- bearing animals such as fox or beaver to trade Spent less time hunting and fishing for their own needs (for food, traditional uses) Became used to using European goods such as cloth and flour

Beaver pelts used to make hats

10. What was the result? Their lifestyle changed from one in which they could meet their own needs and wants to a lifestyle of being dependant on others.

The Effects of European Settlement

11. How did the European idea of private ownership affect the First Nations people? In order to build the settlements, forests were cut down, fences built; fewer places to hunt Rivers, lakes, oceanfronts were being taken over; FN lost access to these important sources of food

The Beothuk, Page 39

12. Describe the seasonal cycle of the Beothuk. Fishing, gathering shellfish, sealing along the coast in spring and summer Hunting for caribou and other fur- bearing animals in fall and winter Also traveled to places to get stone for tools and arrowheads

Beothuk canoe

Beothuk Mamateek

13. How did the arrival and settlements of Europeans affect the Beothuk way of life? Although there were only about 500-700 Beothuk in Newfoundland at the time of Contact, the arrival of the Europeans caused the Beothuk to become extinct.

14. There are three main reasons that the Beothuk became extinct 14. There are three main reasons that the Beothuk became extinct. They are: Beothuk didn’t mix well with the Europeans Fighting, mistrust and conflict; many Beothuk were killed European settlements took over traditional Beothuk territory (food sources); Contact with Europeans brought disease for which they had no resistance; killed many Beothuk

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