Landscape Ecology & Ecosystem Management Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Ngorongoro Conservation Area” page; accessed 2-XII-2014 [By [Thomas Huston] (Own work) [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html), CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/) or CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5)], via Wikimedia Commons] Photo of the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania from Wikimedia Commons

Landscape Ecology The study of the causes & consequences of landscape-level (i.e., intermediate- to large-scale) ecological patterns E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Tinker, D. B., W. H. Romme & D. G. Despain. 2003. Historic range of variability in landscape structure in subalpine forests of the Greater Yellowstone Area, USA. Landscape Ecology 18:427-439. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

dynamic mosaic of interacting ecosystems Landscape An area in which at least one landscape element is spatially heterogeneous and in which the elements form a dynamic mosaic of interacting ecosystems E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Tinker, D. B., W. H. Romme & D. G. Despain. 2003. Historic range of variability in landscape structure in subalpine forests of the Greater Yellowstone Area, USA. Landscape Ecology 18:427-439. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

E.g., forest stands, bogs, meadows, lakes, streams, etc. Landscape Elements E.g., forest stands, bogs, meadows, lakes, streams, etc. E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Tinker, D. B., W. H. Romme & D. G. Despain. 2003. Historic range of variability in landscape structure in subalpine forests of the Greater Yellowstone Area, USA. Landscape Ecology 18:427-439. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

Landscape Composition The kinds & relative proportions of elements or patches in a landscape E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Tinker, D. B., W. H. Romme & D. G. Despain. 2003. Historic range of variability in landscape structure in subalpine forests of the Greater Yellowstone Area, USA. Landscape Ecology 18:427-439. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

Landscape Structure The physical configuration of landscape elements, e.g., patch size distributions, patch dispersion, patch shapes, patch connectivity / isolation, etc. E.g., Lodgepole pine stand age classes (stand ages since last major fire-disturbance) in Yellowstone National Park Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Tinker, D. B., W. H. Romme & D. G. Despain. 2003. Historic range of variability in landscape structure in subalpine forests of the Greater Yellowstone Area, USA. Landscape Ecology 18:427-439. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.5, after Tinker et al. (2003) Landscape Ecology

Scale Grain – the size of the smallest homogeneous unit; determines resolution E.g., landscape elements in Yellowstone National Park Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Turner, M. G., R. H. Gardner & R. V. O’Neill. 2001. Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process. Springer Verlag, New York. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.6, after Turner et al. (2001)

Extent – the area (or time period) encompassed by a study Scale Extent – the area (or time period) encompassed by a study E.g., landscape elements in Yellowstone National Park Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Turner, M. G., R. H. Gardner & R. V. O’Neill. 2001. Landscape Ecology in Theory and Practice: Pattern and Process. Springer Verlag, New York. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.6, after Turner et al. (2001)

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation E.g., Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (Manaus, Brazil) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Photo of a forest fragment, surrounded by newly created cattle pasture in Brazil

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation E.g., Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (Manaus, Brazil) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. NASA false-color remotely sensed image of the confluence of Río Negro & Río Solimões (Amazon)

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation E.g., Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (Manaus, Brazil) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. NASA false-color remotely sensed image of BDFFP

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation Edge effects – negative (generally) effects of a habitat edge on interior conditions Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.15

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation Edge effects – negative (generally) effects of a habitat edge on interior conditions Some species can only inhabit the interior or core, and some are specifically attracted to the edge Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Here, we used a strategic, stratified set of 40 of the BDFFP’s 66 1-ha study plots… Laurance, William F., Henrique E. M. Nascimento, Susan G. Laurance, Ana Andrade, José E. L. S. Ribeiro, Juan Pablo Giraldo, Thomas E. Lovejoy, Richard Condit, Jerome Chave, Kyle E. Harms & Sammya D’Angelo. 2006. Rapid decay of tree-community composition in Amazonian forest fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103:19010-19014. Figure from Laurance et al. (2006) PNAS 13

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation Edge effects – negative (generally) effects of a habitat edge on interior conditions Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Note that the Increased leaf [P] does not seem like a negative consequence. Laurance, W. F. et al. 2002. Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: A 22-year investigation. Conservation Biology 16:605-618. T Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. Analyzing Data 24.1, after Laurance et al. (2002) Conservation Biology

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation E.g., Barro Colorado Island, surrounded by Gatun Lake (Isthmus of Panama) Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Photo by Christian Ziegler from http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2013/08/13/barro-colorado-island-of-magic- diversity-in-the-middle-of-panama-canal/

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation E.g., Barro Colorado Island, surrounded by Gatun Lake (Isthmus of Panama) Checker-throated Antwren (Myrmotherula fulviventris); a common understory insectivore in tropical forests of central Panama Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Wikipedia “Checker-throated antwren” page, accessed 20 April 2015 ["Epinecrophylla fulviventris" by Dominic Sherony - Checker-throated Antwren. Licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons - http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epinecrophylla_fulviventris.jpg#/media/File:Epinecrophylla_fulviventris.jpg] Photo of M. fulviventris from Wikimedia Commons

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation E.g., Barro Colorado Island, surrounded by Gatun Lake (Isthmus of Panama) Success ratio = proportion of individuals that successfully flew over water back to land from a boat in Gatun Lake Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Moore, R. P., W. D. Robinson, I. J. Lovette & T. R. Robinson. 2008. Experimental evidence for extreme dispersal limitation in tropical forest birds. Ecology Letters 11:960-968. Note that 16 individuals of M. fulviventris were tested, and none returned to land from a 100 m release distance in the lake. No birds of M. fulviventris were then tested at the two longer distances. “Figure 1 Flight performance across open-water gaps of increasing width (100, 200 & 300 m) for 10 species of tropical understory forest birds. Numbers atop columns indicate sample sizes of individuals tested at each distance. We did not conduct dispersal challenges at greater distances for species that had previously exhibited complete or nearly complete failure at a given distance. Lower right panel shows mean success rate pooled across all distances. Full binomial species names and common names are listed in Table 1.” Moore et al. (2008) Ecology Letters, Fig. 1

Habitat Loss & Fragmentation Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Habitat loss & fragmentation is not just a tropical phenomenon! Loss & fragmentation of U. S. old-growth forests; note how fragmentation increases the ratio of edge:core Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.12

Design Principles for Protected Areas Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. See Reed Noss’s “core natural areas” = “where nature can operate in its own way in its own time” (Noss et al. 1999); see textbook pg. 559. Diamond, J. M. 1975. The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biological Conservation 7:129-146. Williams, J. C., C. S. ReVelle & S. A. Levin. 2005. Spatial attributes and reserve design models: A review. Environmental Modeling and Assessment 10:163-181. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.17, after Diamond (1975) & Williams et al. (2005)

Design Principles for Protected Areas Corridors facilitated movement between patches Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Tewksbury, J. J. et al. 2002. Corridors affect plants, animals, and their interactions in fragmented landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99:12923-12926. Corridors facilitated pollination between patches Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.19, after Tewksbury et al. (2002) PNAS

Adaptive Ecosystem Management or Restoration Management treated as an experiment Please do not use the images in these PowerPoint slides without permission. Cain, Bowman & Hacker (2014), Fig. 24.21