Ch 5 – Weathering & Erosion Objectives Briefly contrast weathering and erosion. Contrast chemical and mechanical weathering. List and describe the types of mechanical weathering. List and describe the types of chemical weathering. List the products resulting from the chemical weathering of Igneous rocks. List and discuss the factors that influence the type and rate of rock weathering.

The Rock Cycle This Unit – Ch 5 & 6 Last Unit – Ch 3 &4 What kinds of rock can be melted? Can be weathered & eroded? Heated & Pressurized?

Weathering Breakdown of rock due to surface processes 2 types of weathering Physical (Mechanical) Chemical

Physical Weathering Abrasion - wind & water Frost wedging - water expands when it freezes Exfoliation or unloading – rock breaks off into leaves or sheets along joints which parallel the ground surface; caused by expansion of rock due to uplift and erosion; removal of pressure of deep burial Thermal expansion - repeated daily heating and cooling of rock; heat causes expansion; cooling causes contraction. different minerals expand and contract at different rates causing stresses along mineral boundaries. Plant Roots – break rocks apart as they grow Salt Crystal Growth – evaporation, crystals grow between rocks

Type of physical weathering?

Type of physical weathering?

Type of physical weathering?

Type of physical weathering?

Type of physical weathering?

Type of physical weathering?

Type of physical weathering?

Type of physical weathering?

Chemical Weathering Rock reacts with water, gases and solutions (may be acidic); will add or remove elements from minerals. 1. Dissolution (or solution) - also includes leaching 2. Oxidation 3. Hydrolysis 4. Biological Action 5. Spheroidal

Acid Rain

Dissolution Several common minerals dissolve in water halite calcite Limestone and marble contain calcite and are soluble in acidic water Marble tombstones and carvings are particularly susceptible to chemical weathering by dissolution.

More Dissolution Caves and caverns typically form in limestone speleothems - cave formations; made of calcite form a rock called travertine stalactites - from ceiling stalagmites - on ground

More Dissolution Karst topography forms on limestone terrain and is characterized by: caves/caverns, sinkholes, disappearing streams, springs

Acid Leaching

Oxidation Oxygen combines with iron-bearing silicate minerals causing "rusting" biotite Iron oxides are red, orange, or brown in color

Hydrolysis – affected by H20 Feldspar alters to clay Feldspars = stable at high temperatures and pressures Clays are stable under conditions at the Earth's surface Quartz turns to sand

Biological Action Lichens, fungi, and other micro-organisms Chemically and physically change rock

Spheroidal Weathering chemical weathering of jointed rocks. weather to form spherical shapes

Factors Affecting Weathering *Surface Area Texture Temperature Humidity Plant growth Topography Time Mineral Content Least stable Olivine Ca plagioclase feldspar Pyroxene Amphibole Biotite Na plagioclase feldspar Potassium feldspar Muscovite Quartz Most stable

Factors Affecting Weathering Surface Area – Most important Smaller particles, more surface area Examples Crushed ice cools faster Granulated sugar dissolves faster More exposed rocks weather more

Factors Affecting Weathering Type of material – both are from 1780’s; one is slate, the other is marble. Which is which? Why is there a difference?

Erosion Movement / transportation Wind, water, glacier Mast Wasting - Movement of large amounts of material downhill under gravity Creep Mudflows Slump Rockfalls Landfalls Avalanches

What happens to Granite? Granite contains Na Plagioclase feldspar, K feldspar, Quartz Lesser amounts of biotite, amphibole, or muscovite Weathering 1. The feldspars undergo hydrolysis to form ________ and Na and K ions The Na and K ions removed by leaching. 2. The biotite & amphibole will undergo hydrolysis to form clay, and oxidation to form _________. 3. The quartz (and muscovite, if present) will remain as residual minerals because they are very resistant to weathering. They get smaller to make ________. Weathered rock fragments are one of the constituents of soil – our next topic.

Deposition

Definition Deposition- the process in which sediment is laid down in new locations The end result of erosion

Water Deposition Alluvial fan- fan shaped deposit of sediment on land Usually form when a stream slows down and enters a flat plain Delta- sediment from a stream deposited where a river enters a large body of water Triangular shape

Alluvial fan and Delta

Glacial Deposition As a glacier melts, it creates landforms by depositing its sediment load Till-unsorted mixture of sediment containing fragments of various sizes Moraine-mounds of sediment at the downhill end of the glacier and along its side Long Island is a glacial moraine

Till and Moraines

Wind Deposition Sand dunes- large deposits of sand dropped from wind Sand dunes can move as the wind picks up sand from the back of the dune and blows it to the front

Sand Dunes