Performance Benefits with Synthetics Improved energy efficiency Wider operating temperature range Increased design ratings Reduced maintenance costs Better reliability, safer operation Enhanced environmental performance

Performance Benefits with Synthetics 1. Improved Energy Efficiency Internal Combustion Engines Lower viscosity with low volatility Improved oxidation stability, less viscosity increase with oil aging Better short trip fuel economy due to lower viscosity at low temperatures Reduced contact losses due to low traction and lower pressure-viscosity coefficient Gears Lower mesh losses due to reduced traction Lower viscous losses at low temperature

Lower Viscosity with Low Volatility Polydecene base stocks have lower volatility than mineral oils 5 10 15 20 25 30 3 4 6 7 8 9 11 Polydecene Mineral Noack Volatility Kinematic Viscosity at 100C, cS 22% 13% (% Loss at 250C, 1 hr)

Gear Mesh Loss Reduction with Low Traction Synthetics Polydecene-based synthetics can improve efficiency of spur/helical gears by 0.5%/mesh Mineral Oil Polydecene Slide-Roll Ratio Traction Force -S +S Range of Slide-Roll Ratio in Spur Gear Area between curves is energy saved with low traction synthetic lubes

Performance Benefits with Synthetics 2. Wider Operating Temperature Range Better oxidative stability Lower pour point, no wax Less volatile Higher VI 400 200 -40 -80 600 Mineral Oils Polydecenes Alkyl Aromatics Diesters Polyol Esters Polyglycols Phosphate esters -20 100 -60 300 Celsius Fahrenheit Limited by Starting Torque Continuous Service Intermittent

Synthetics have Lower Pour Points -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 2 4 6 8 10 20 30 40 50 Mineral oil Polydecene Pour Point °C KV at 100°C, cST

Increased Protection from High VI High VI gives less viscosity loss as temperature increases ISO VG Temperature, °C 40 Mineral Oil High VI Equivalent viscosity Viscosity Increased protection

Performance Benefits with Synthetics 3. Increased Design Ratings Higher power, same life Same power, longer life Smaller unit, same power, same life Enclosed - Low traction, higher loads before Gearboxes scuffing/scoring Traction Drives - Synthetic high traction fluids are an enabling technology Engines - Higher oxidative stability, less deposits, lower volatility Slow speed - High shear stable viscosity, still gears/bearings fluid at low temperature

Traction and Worm Gear Efficiency In worm gears, polydecene-based synthetics give 2-10% energy savings and permit increased thermal ratings Mineral Oil Polydecene 100 90 80 70 60 10 20 30 40 50 Worm Gear Efficiency % Reduction Ratio Lower Traction

Traction Drives and Traction Fluids Traction Drives need high shear strength fluids 5 10 15 20 25 30 100 200 300 400 500 Peak Contact Pressure, kpsi Maximum Shear Stress, kpsi Traction Fluids PAG 1 Naphthenic Paraffinic PAO SuperSyn PAG 2 90C IN OUT

Performance Benefits with Synthetics 4. Reduced Maintenance Costs Longer oil life Extended drain intervals Lower disposal costs Longer component life Reduced wear Reduced pitting Improved cleanliness No seasonal oil changes needed Lower oil consumption Less make-up needed

Performance Benefits with Synthetics 5. Better Reliability, Safer Operation Aerospace needs, extreme conditions Jet engines - high temperatures Hydraulic systems - low temperatures Space vehicles vacuum temperature extremes inaccessible Automobile racing High loads and temperatures Safety margin - coolant loss, low oil level Fire-resistant hydraulic fluids

Performance Benefits with Synthetics 6. Enhanced environmental performance Biodegradable base stocks wider temperature range more predictable performance Lubricants for refrigeration systems which use non-ozone depleting refrigerants Reduced volume of waste oil through extended drain capability Potential for recovery and recycle

Conclusions Mineral base stocks are average performers for many applications but not optimum. Synthesis matches molecules plus the right additives with applications. Synthetics must show an economic benefit or do what a mineral oil can not. Economic benefits come from Energy efficiency Wider temperature range Increased design ratings Reduced maintenance Reliability and safety. Environmental performance. Future developments will come from studies of structure-property relationships.