PM3125: Lectures 4 to 6 Content of Lectures 1 to 6: Heat transfer: Source of heat Heat transfer Steam and electricity as heating media Determination of requirement of amount of steam/electrical energy Steam pressure Mathematical problems on heat transfer R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

is the means by which energy moves from Heat Transfer is the means by which energy moves from a hotter object to a colder object R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Conduction is the flow of heat by direct contact between a warmer and a cooler body. Convection is the flow of heat carried by moving gas or liquid. (warm air rises, gives up heat, cools, then falls) Radiation is the flow of heat without need of an intervening medium. (by infrared radiation, or light) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Latent heat Conduction Convection Radiation R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Heat travels along the rod Conduction HOT (lots of vibration) COLD (not much vibration) Heat travels along the rod R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Conduction Conduction is the process whereby heat is transferred directly through a material, any bulk motion of the material playing no role in the transfer. Those materials that conduct heat well are called thermal conductors, while those that conduct heat poorly are known as thermal insulators. Most metals are excellent thermal conductors, while wood, glass, and most plastics are common thermal insulators. The free electrons in metals are responsible for the excellent thermal conductivity of metals. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Conduction: Fourier’s Law Cross-sectional area A L Q = heat transferred k = thermal conductivity A = cross sectional area DT = temperature difference between two ends L = length t = duration of heat transfer ΔT Q = L k A t ( ) What is the unit of k? R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Thermal Conductivities Substance Thermal Conductivity k [W/m.K] Syrofoam 0.010 Glass 0.80 Air 0.026 Concrete 1.1 Wool 0.040 Iron 79 Wood 0.15 Aluminum 240 Body fat 0.20 Silver 420 Water 0.60 Diamond 2450 R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Conduction through Single Wall Use Fourier’s Law: T1 ΔT Q = L k A t ( ) Q . Q . Q . k A (T1 – T2) T2 T1 = x Δx Δx R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Conduction through Single Wall Q . k A (T1 – T2) T1 = Δx Q . Q . T1 – T2 = Δx/(kA) T2 T1 x Δx Thermal resistance (in k/W) (opposing heat flow) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010 10

Conduction through Composite Wall B C T1 Q . Q . T2 T3 T4 kA kB kC x ΔxA ΔxB ΔxC Q . T1 – T2 T2 – T3 T3 – T4 = = = (Δx/kA)A (Δx/kA)B (Δx/kA)C R. Shanthini 17 May 2010 11

Conduction through Composite Wall T1 – T2 = (Δx/kA)A Q . T2 – T3 T3 – T4 (Δx/kA)C (Δx/kA)B + (Δx/kA)B (Δx/kA)A + (Δx/kA)C [ ] Q . = T1 – T2 + T2 – T3 + T3 – T4 Q . T1 – T4 = + (Δx/kA)B (Δx/kA)A + (Δx/kA)C 12 R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 1 . Tin – Tout Q = + (Δx/kA)insulation (Δx/kA)fireclay An industrial furnace wall is constructed of 21 cm thick fireclay brick having k = 1.04 W/m.K. This is covered on the outer surface with 3 cm layer of insulating material having k = 0.07 W/m.K. The innermost surface is at 1000oC and the outermost surface is at 40oC. Calculate the steady state heat transfer per area. Solution: We start with the equation Q . Tin – Tout = (Δx/kA)fireclay + (Δx/kA)insulation R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 1 continued . . Q (1000 – 40) A = (0.21/1.04) + (0.03/0.07) Q = 1522.6 W/m2 A R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 2 . . Q Tin – Tout = (Δx/kA)fireclay + (Δx/kA)insulation Q We want to reduce the heat loss in Example 1 to 960 W/m2. What should be the insulation thickness? Solution: We start with the equation Q . Tin – Tout = (Δx/kA)fireclay + (Δx/kA)insulation Q . (1000 – 40) = 960 W/m2 = A (0.21/1.04) + (Δx)insulation /0.07) (Δx)insulation = 5.6 cm R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Conduction through hollow-cylinder ri To L Q . Ti – To = [ln(ro/ri)] / 2πkL R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Conduction through the composite wall in a hollow-cylinder To Material A Ti r1 Material B Q . Ti – To = [ln(r2/r1)] / 2πkAL + [ln(r3/r2)] / 2πkBL R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 3 . Ti – To Q = [ln(r2/r1)] / 2πkAL + [ln(r3/r2)] / 2πkBL A thick walled tube of stainless steel ( k = 19 W/m.K) with 2-cm inner diameter and 4-cm outer diameter is covered with a 3-cm layer of asbestos insulation (k = 0.2 W/m.K). If the inside-wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at 600oC and the outside of the insulation at 100oC, calculate the heat loss per meter of length. Solution: We start with the equation Q . Ti – To = [ln(r2/r1)] / 2πkAL + [ln(r3/r2)] / 2πkBL R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 3 continued . . 2 π L ( 600 – 100) Q = + [ln(5/2)] / 0.2 = 680 W/m L R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer  Conduction is the flow of heat by direct contact between a warmer and a cooler body. Convection is the flow of heat carried by moving gas or liquid. (warm air rises, gives up heat, cools, then falls) Radiation is the flow of heat without need of an intervening medium. (by infrared radiation, or light) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Convection currents are set up when a pan of water is heated. Convection is the process in which heat is carried from place to place by the bulk movement of a fluid (gas or liquid). Convection currents are set up when a pan of water is heated. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Convection It explains why breezes come from the ocean in the day and from the land at night R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Convection: Newton’s Law of Cooling Flowing fluid at Tfluid Heated surface at Tsurface Q . conv. = h A (Tsurface – Tfluid) Area exposed Heat transfer coefficient (in W/m2.K) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Convection: Newton’s Law of Cooling Flowing fluid at Tfluid Heated surface at Tsurface Q . conv. Tsurface – Tfluid = 1/(hA) Convective heat resistance (in k/W) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 4 The convection heat transfer coefficient between a surface at 50oC and ambient air at 30oC is 20 W/m2.K. Calculate the heat flux leaving the surface by convection. Solution: Use Newton’s Law of cooling : Q . conv. = h A (Tsurface – Tfluid) Flowing fluid at Tfluid = 30oC = (20 W/m2.K) x A x (50-30)oC Heated surface at Tsurface = 50oC Heat flux leaving the surface: . Q conv. A = 20 x 20 = 400 W/m2 h = 20 W/m2.K R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 5 Air at 300°C flows over a flat plate of dimensions 0.50 m by 0.25 m. If the convection heat transfer coefficient is 250 W/m2.K, determine the heat transfer rate from the air to one side of the plate when the plate is maintained at 40°C. Solution: Use Newton’s Law of cooling : Q . conv. = h A (Tsurface – Tfluid) Flowing fluid at Tfluid = 300oC Heated surface at Tsurface = 40oC = 250 W/m2.K x 0.125 m2 x (40 - 300)oC = - 8125 W/m2 h = 250 W/m2.K A = 0.50x0.25 m2 Heat is transferred from the air to the plate. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Forced Convection In forced convection over external surface: In forced convection, a fluid is forced by external forces such as fans. In forced convection over external surface: Tfluid = the free stream temperature (T∞), or a temperature far removed from the surface In forced convection through a tube or channel: Tfluid = the bulk temperature R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Free Convection In free convection, a fluid is circulated due to buoyancy effects, in which less dense fluid near the heated surface rises and thereby setting up convection. In free (or partially forced) convection over external surface: Tfluid = (Tsurface + Tfree stream) / 2 In free or forced convection through a tube or channel: Tfluid = (Tinlet + Toutlet) / 2 R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Change of Phase Convection Change-of-phase convection is observed with boiling or condensation . It is a very complicated mechanism and therefore will not be covered in this course. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Overall Heat Transfer through a Plane Wall Fluid A at TA > T1 T1 Q . Q . T2 Fluid B at TB < T2 x Δx Q . TA – T1 = 1/(hAA) T1 – T2 = Δx/(kA) T2– TB = 1/(hBA) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Overall Heat Transfer through a Plane Wall Q . TA – T1 = 1/(hAA) T1 – T2 = Δx/(kA) T2– TB = 1/(hBA) . TA – TB Q = 1/(hAA) + Δx/(kA) + 1/(hBA) Q . = U A (TA – TB) where U is the overall heat transfer coefficient given by 1/U = 1/hA + Δx/k + 1/hB R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Overall heat transfer through hollow-cylinder ri ro Ti To Fluid A is inside the pipe Fluid B is outside the pipe TA > TB L Q . = U A (TA – TB) where 1/UA = 1/(hAAi) + ln(ro/ri) / 2πkL + 1/(hBAo) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 6 . Q = U A (TA – TB) = U A (120 – 35) What is UA? Steam at 120oC flows in an insulated pipe. The pipe is mild steel (k = 45 W/m K) and has an inside radius of 5 cm and an outside radius of 5.5 cm. The pipe is covered with a 2.5 cm layer of 85% magnesia (k = 0.07 W/m K). The inside heat transfer coefficient (hi) is 85 W/m2 K, and the outside coefficient (ho) is 12.5 W/m2 K. Determine the heat transfer rate from the steam per m of pipe length, if the surrounding air is at 35oC. Solution: Start with Q . = U A (TA – TB) = U A (120 – 35) What is UA? R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 6 continued 1/UA = 1/(hAAi) + ln(ro/ri) / 2πkL + … + 1/(hBAo) 1/UA = 1/(85Ain) + ln(5.5/5) / 2π(45)L + ln(8/5.5) / 2π(0.07)L + 1/(12.5Aout) Ain = 2π(0.05)L and Aout = 2π(0.08)L 1/UA = (0.235 + 0.0021 +5.35 + 1) / 2πL R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 6 continued . . UA = 2πL / (0.235 + 0.0021 +5.35 + 1) Q = U A (120 – 35) steel air = 2πL (120 – 35) / (0.235 + 0.0021 +5.35 + 1) steam insulation = 81 L Q . / L = 81 W/m R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer  Conduction is the flow of heat by direct contact between a warmer and a cooler body. Convection is the flow of heat carried by moving gas or liquid. (warm air rises, gives up heat, cools, then falls) Radiation is the flow of heat without need of an intervening medium. (by infrared radiation, or light)  R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Radiation Radiation is the process in which energy is transferred by means of electromagnetic waves of wavelength band between 0.1 and 100 micrometers solely as a result of the temperature of a surface. Heat transfer by radiation can take place through vacuum. This is because electromagnetic waves can propagate through empty space. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

The Stefan–Boltzmann Law of Radiation Q t = ε σ A T4 ε = emissivity, which takes a value between 0 (for an ideal reflector) and 1 (for a black body). σ = 5.668 x 10-8 W/m2.K4 is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant A = surface area of the radiator T = temperature of the radiator in Kelvin. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Why is the mother shielding her cub? Ratio of the surface area of a cub to its volume is much larger than for its mother. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

What is the Sun’s surface temperature? The sun provides about 1000 W/m2 at the Earth's surface. Assume the Sun's emissivity ε = 1 Distance from Sun to Earth =  R = 1.5 x 1011 m Radius of the Sun = r = 6.9 x 108 m     R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

What is the Sun’s surface temperature? Q t = ε σ A T4 (4 π 6.92 x 1016 m2) = 5.98 x 1018 m2 (4 π 1.52 x 1022 m2)(1000 W/m2) = 2.83 x 1026 W 2.83 x 1026 W T4 = (1) (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4) (5.98 x 1018 m2) ε σ T = 5375 K R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

If object at temperature T is surrounded by an environment at temperature T0, the net radioactive heat flow is: Q t = ε σ A (T4 - To4 ) Temperature of the radiating surface Temperature of the environment R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 7 What is the rate at which radiation is emitted by a surface of area 0.5 m2, emissivity 0.8, and temperature 150°C? Solution: [(273+150) K]4 Q t = ε σ A T4 0.5 m2 0.8 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4 Q = (0.8) (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4) (0.5 m2) (423 K)4 t = 726 W R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 8 Q = ε σ A (T4 - To4 ) t Q t Solution: [(273+25) K]4 If the surface of Example 7 is placed in a large, evacuated chamber whose walls are maintained at 25°C, what is the net rate at which radiation is exchanged between the surface and the chamber walls? Solution: Q t = ε σ A (T4 - To4 ) [(273+25) K]4 [(273+150) K]4 Q = (0.8) x (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4) x (0.5 m2) x [(423 K)4 -(298 K)4 ] t = 547 W R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 8 continued Note that 547 W of heat loss from the surface occurs at the instant the surface is placed in the chamber. That is, when the surface is at 150oC and the chamber wall is at 25oC. With increasing time, the surface would cool due to the heat loss. Therefore its temperature, as well as the heat loss, would decrease with increasing time. Steady-state conditions would eventually be achieved when the temperature of the surface reached that of the surroundings. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example 9 Q = ε σ A (T4 - To4 ) t Q t Solution: [(273+25) K]4 Under steady state operation, a 50 W incandescent light bulb has a surface temperature of 135°C when the room air is at a temperature of 25°C. If the bulb may be approximated as a 60 mm diameter sphere with a diffuse, gray surface of emissivity 0.8, what is the radiant heat transfer from the bulb surface to its surroundings? Q t = ε σ A (T4 - To4 ) Solution: [(273+25) K]4 [(273+135) K]4 Q = (0.8) x (5.67 x 10-8 J/s.m2.K4) x [π x (0.06) m2] x [(408 K)4 -(298 K)4 ] t = 10.2 W (about 20% of the power is dissipated by radiation) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mathematical Problems on Heat Exchanger Tc,in Th,out Th,in Tc,out . . . Q = mc cc (Tc,out – Tc,in) = mh ch (Th,in – Th,out) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mathematical Problems on Heat Exchanger Tc,in Parallel-flow heat exchanger Th,out Th,in Tc,in Th,out Th,in Tc,out Tc,out high heat transfer low heat transfer R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mathematical Problems on Heat Exchanger Parallel-flow heat exchanger Tc,in Th,out Th,in Tc,out ΔTa ΔTb a b . Q = U A ΔT ΔTa - ΔTb is the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) where ΔT = ln(ΔTa / ΔTb) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mathematical Problems on Heat Exchanger Tc,out Counter-flow heat exchanger Th,out Th,in Tc,in . . . Q = mc cc (Tc,out – Tc,in) = mh ch (Th,in – Th,out) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mathematical Problems on Heat Exchanger Tc,out Counter-flow heat exchanger Th,out Th,in Th,in Tc,in Th,out Tc,out Tc,in R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Mathematical Problems on Heat Exchanger Counter-flow heat exchanger Tc,in Tc,out Th,in Th,out ΔTa ΔTb a b . Q = U A ΔT ΔTa - ΔTb is the log mean temperature difference (LMTD) where ΔT = ln(ΔTa / ΔTb) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example in heat Exchanger Design An exhaust pipe, 75 mm outside diameter, is cooled by surrounding it by an annular space containing water. The hot gases enters the exhaust pipe at 350oC, gas flow rate being 200 kg/h, mean specific heat capacity at constant pressure 1.13 kJ/kg K, and comes out at 100oC. Water enters from the mains at 25oC, flow rate 1400 kg/h, mean specific heat capacity 4.19 kJ/kg K. The heat transfer coefficient for gases and water may be taken as 0.3 and 1.5 kW/m2 K and pipe thickness may be taken as negligible. Calculate the required pipe length for (i) parallel flow, and for (ii) counter flow. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example in heat Exchanger Design Solution: . . . Q = mc cc (Tc,out – Tc,in) = mh ch (Th,in – Th,out) (1400 kg/hr) (4.19 kJ/kg K) (Tc,out – 25)oC = (200 kg/hr) (1.13 kJ/kg K) (350 – 100)oC The temperature of water at the outlet = Tc,out = 34.63oC. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example in heat Exchanger Design Solution continued: Parallel flow: ΔTa = 350 – 25 = 325oC ΔTb = 100 – 34.63 = 65.37oC ΔTa - ΔTb 325 – 65.37 ΔT = = = 162oC ln(ΔTa / ΔTb) ln(325 / 65.37) . Q = U A ΔT = (UA) 162oC What is UA? R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example in heat Exchanger Design Solution continued: 1/U = 1/hwater + 1/hgases = 1/1.5 + 1/0.3 = 4 (kW/m2 K)-1 Therefore, U = 0.25 kW/m2 K A = π (outer diameter) (L) = π (0.075 m) (L m) . Q = (UA) 162oC = (0.25) π (0.075) L (162) kW . What is Q? R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example in heat Exchanger Design Solution continued: . . . Q = mc cc (Tc,out – Tc,in) = mh ch (Th,in – Th,out) = (200 kg/h) (1.13 kJ/kg K) (350 – 100)oC = 15.69 kW Substituting the above in . Q = (UA) 162oC = (0.25) π (0.075) L (162) kW we get L = 1.64 m R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example in heat Exchanger Design Solution continued: (ii) Counter flow: ΔTa = 350 – 34.63 = 315.37oC ΔTb = 100 – 25 = 75oC ΔTa - ΔTb 315.37 – 75 ΔT = = = 167.35oC ln(ΔTa / ΔTb) ln(315.37 / 75) . Q = U A ΔT = (UA) 167.35oC . Q = 15.69 kW; U = 0.25 kW/m2 K ; A = π (0.075) L m2 R. Shanthini 17 May 2010 Therefore, L = 1.59 m

Other Heat Exchanger Types Cross-flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed The direction of fluids are perpendicular to each other. The required surface area for this heat exchanger is usually calculated by using tables. It is between the required surface area for counter-flow and parallel-flow heat exchangers. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Other Heat Exchanger Types One shell pass and two tube passes Th,in Tc,in Tc,out Th,out The required surface area for this heat exchanger is calculated using tables. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Other Heat Exchanger Types Two shell passes and two tube passes Th,in Tc,in Tc,out Th,out The required surface area for this heat exchanger is calculated using tables. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Batch Sterilization (method of heating): Electrical heating Direct steam sparging Steam heating R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

For batch heating with constant rate heat flow: Total heat lost by the coil to the medium = heat gained by the medium M - mass of the medium T0 - initial temperature of the medium T - final temperature of the medium c - specific heat of the medium q - rate of heat transfer from the electrical coil to the medium t - duration of electrical heating . Electrical heating . q t = M c (T - T0) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

For batch heating by direct steam sparging: M - initial mass of the raw medium T0 - initial temperature of the raw medium ms - steam mass flow rate t - duration of steam sparging H - enthalpy of steam relative to the enthalpy at the initial temperature of the raw medium (T0) T - final temperature of the mixture c - specific heat of medium and water . . . (ms t) (H + cT0) + M c T0 = (M + mst) c T Direct steam sparging . . ms t H = (M + ms t) c (T – T0) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

( ) For batch heating with isothermal heat source: M - mass of the medium T0 - initial temperature of the medium TH - temperature of heat source (steam) T - final temperature of the medium c - specific heat of the medium t - duration of steam heating U - overall heat transfer coefficient A - heat transfer area ( ) T0 - TH Steam heating U A t = M c ln T - TH Could you prove the above? R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

( ) ( ) For batch heating with isothermal heat source: T0 - TH ( ) T0 - TH U A t = M c ln T - TH ( ) U A t T = TH + (T0 - TH) exp - c M Steam heating R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Example of batch heating by direct steam sparging: A fermentor containing 40 m3 medium at 25oC is going to be sterilized by direct injection of saturated steam. The steam at 350 kPa absolute pressure is injected with a flow rate of 5000 kg/hr, which will be stopped when the medium temperature reaches 122oC. Determine the time taken to heat the medium. Additional data required: Enthalpy of saturated steam at 350 kPa = ?? Enthalpy of water at 25oC = ?? The heat capacity of the medium 4.187 kJ/kg.K The density of the medium are 4.187 kJ/kg.K and 1000 kg/m3, respectively.) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

. . Example of batch heating by direct steam sparging: ms t H A fermentor containing 40 m3 medium at 25oC is going to be sterilized by direct injection of saturated steam. The steam at 350 kPa absolute pressure is injected with a flow rate of 5000 kg/hr, which will be stopped when the medium temperature reaches 122oC. Determine the time taken to heat the medium. Additional data: The enthalpy of saturated steam at 350 kPa and water at 25oC are 2732 and 105 kJ/kg, respectively. The heat capacity and density of the medium are 4.187 kJ/kg.K and 1000 kg/m3, respectively. Solution: Use the equation below: . . ms t H = (M + ms t) c (T – T0) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

. . ms t H = (M + ms t) c (T – T0) (5000 kg/hr) (th) (2732-105) kJ/kg = [(40 m3)(1000 kg/m3) + (5000 kg/hr)(th)](4.187 kJ/kg.K)(122-25)K Taking the heating time (th) to be in hr, we get (5000 th) (2627) kJ = [40000 + 5000 t](4.187)(97)kJ (5000 th) [2627 – 4.187 x 97] = 40000 x 4.187 x 97 th = 1.463 hr Therefore, the time taken to heat the medium is 1.463 hours. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

( ) Example of batch heating with isothermal heat source: T0 - TH A fermentor containing 40 m3 medium at 25oC is going to be sterilized by an isothermal heat source, which is saturated steam at 350 kPa absolute pressure. Heating will be stopped when the medium temperature reaches 122oC. Determine the time taken to heat the medium. Additional data: The saturated temperature of steam at 350 kPa is 138.9oC. The heat capacity and density of the medium are 4.187 kJ/kg.K and 1000 kg/m3, respectively. Solution: Use the equation below: ( ) T0 - TH U A t = M c ln T - TH R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

( ) T0 - TH U A t = M c ln T - TH (2500 kJ/hr.m2.K) (40 m2) (tc) ( ) T0 - TH U A t = M c ln T - TH (2500 kJ/hr.m2.K) (40 m2) (tc) = (40 m3) (1000 kg/m3) (4.187 kJ/kg.K) ln[(25-138.9)/(122-138.9)] Taking the heating time (th) to be in hr, we get (2500 kJ/K) (40) (th) = (40) (1000) (4.187 kJ/K) ln[113.9/16.9] (2500 kJ/K) (40) (th) = (40) (1000) (4.187 kJ/K) (1.908) th = 3.1955 hr Therefore, the time taken to heat the medium is 3.1955 hours. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Explain why heating with isothermal heat source takes twice the time taken by heating with steam sparging, even though we used the same steam. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Question from PM3125 / Jan 2010 past paper A steel pipeline (inside diameter = 52.50 mm; outside diameter = 60.32 mm) contains saturated steam at 121.1oC. The line is insulated with 25.4 mm of asbestos. Assume that the inside surface temperature of the metal wall is at 121.1oC and the outer surface of the insulation is at 26.7oC. Taking the average value of ksteel as 45 W/m.K and that of kasbestos as 0.182 W/m.K, calculate the following: (a) Heat loss for 30.5 m of pipe length. [10 marks] (b) Mass (in kg) of steam condensed per hour in the pipe due to the heat loss. [10 marks] Additional data given on the next slide: R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Question from PM3125 / Jan 2010 past paper Additional Data: i) Heat transfer rate through the pipe wall is given by, where L is the length of pipe, T1 and T2 are the respective temperatures at the inner and outer surfaces of the insulated pipe, r1 and r2 are the respective inner and outer radius of the steel pipe, and r3 is the outer radius of the insulated pipe. ii) Latent heat of vapourization of steam could be taken as 2200 kJ/kg. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Group Assignment will be uploaded at http://www.rshanthini.com/PM3125.htm (keep track of the site) R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

End of slides for the heat transfer lecture R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Additional material not used in the lectures. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Critical Radius of Insulation To r Pipe Insulation ro Ti ri Q . Ti – To = [ln(ro/ri)] /2πkPL + [ln(r/ro)] /2πkIL + 1/hairA Pipe resistance could be neglected A = 2 π r L R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Critical Radius of Insulation Q . Ti – To = [ln(r/ro)] /2πkIL + 1/(hair 2πrL) 2π L ( Ti – To) = [ln(r/ro)] /kI + 1/(hair r) Convective resistance Insulation resistance Increasing r increases insulation resistance and decreases heat transfer. Increasing r decreases convective resistance and increases heat transfer. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010

Critical Radius of Insulation Q . d /dr = 0 at the critical radius of insulation, which leads to rcr = kI / hair If the outer radius of the pipe (ro) < rcr and if insulation is added to the pipe, heat losses will first increase and go through a maximum at the insulation radius of rcr and then decrease. If the outer radius of the pipe (ro) > rcr and if insulation is added to the pipe, heat losses will continue to decrease. R. Shanthini 17 May 2010