CONTENTS 13-1 Verb + gerund 13-2 Go + -ing 13-3 Verb + infinitive 13-4 Verb + gerund or infinitive 13-5 Preposition + gerund 13-6 Using by and with to express how something is done 13-7 Using gerunds as subjects; using it + infinitive 13-8 It + infinitive: using for (someone) 13-9 Expressing purpose with in order to and for 13-10 Using infinitives with too and enough

She keeps worrying about her husband. 13-1 VERB + GERUND She keeps worrying about her husband.

(a) I like be with you. ing verb gerund -ing form of a verb used as a noun object of the verb gerund

(b) They enjoy eating pizza. (c) They have finished working on a big 13-1 VERB + GERUND (b) They enjoy eating pizza. (c) They have finished working on a big project. (d) My sister never stops talking on the phone.

(e) I wish they would quit arguing. 13-1 VERB + GERUND (e) I wish they would quit arguing.

(f) Would you mind taking my picture? 13-1 VERB + GERUND (f) Would you mind taking my picture?

(g) I usually postpone doing my taxes until the last minute. 13-1 VERB + GERUND (g) I usually postpone doing my taxes until the last minute. (h) Many people put off doing their taxes until the last minute.

(i) They have to keep (on) working until the project is finished. 13-1 VERB + GERUND (i) They have to keep (on) working until the project is finished.

(j) They are considering breaking up. 13-1 VERB + GERUND (j) They are considering breaking up. (k) They are thinking about breaking up.

(l) They discussed breaking up. 13-1 VERB + GERUND (l) They discussed breaking up. (m) They talked about breaking up, but they decided to stay together.

(n) She is considering not going to work today. 13-1 VERB + GERUND (n) She is considering not going to work today. not + gerund = negative form

They are ____________ ______ out to play. thinking about going 13-1 LET’S PRACTICE They are ____________ ______ out to play. thinking about going think about go

Do you want to _________ _______ a new house? talk about buying 13-1 LET’S PRACTICE Do you want to _________ _______ a new house? talk about buying talk about buy

Would you _______ ______ us less homework this week? consider giving 13-1 LET’S PRACTICE Would you _______ ______ us less homework this week? consider giving consider give

It’s a beautiful day. Let’s go canoeing. 13-2 GO + -ING It’s a beautiful day. Let’s go canoeing.

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday? 13-2 GO + -ING (a) Did you go skydiving yesterday?

(a) Did you go skydiving yesterday? (b) We went camping on the beach. 13-2 GO + -ING (a) Did you go skydiving yesterday? (b) We went camping on the beach.

(a) These guys are going skydiving soon. (b) We went camping on the beach. (c) Larry hasn’t gone skiing lately.

go + gerund (a) Did you go skydiving yesterday? 13-2 GO + -ING (a) Did you go skydiving yesterday? (b) We went camping on the beach. (c) Larry hasn’t gone skiing lately. go + gerund certain expressions about activities INCORRECT: I like to go to dancing.

Mr. Anders loves to ___ ________. 13-2 LET’S PRACTICE go fishing Mr. Anders loves to ___ ________. go fish

My parents love to ___ ________. 13-2 LET’S PRACTICE go dancing My parents love to ___ ________. go dance

I expected you to be here an hour ago. 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE I expected you to be here an hour ago.

13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE (a) I hope to graduate this year.

I hope to graduate this year (b) He intends to study hard this year. 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE I hope to graduate this year (b) He intends to study hard this year. to + simple form of verb = AN INFINITIVE

I hope to graduate this year (b) He intends to study hard this year. 13-3 VERB + INFINITIVE I hope to graduate this year (b) He intends to study hard this year. (c) She decided not to attend medical school. negative = not + infinitive

At their wedding, they ________ ___ ____ together forever. promised 13-3 LET’S PRACTICE At their wedding, they ________ ___ ____ together forever. promised to stay promise stay

I _____ _____ _____ _____ on a cruise, but I can’t afford it. would 13-3 LET’S PRACTICE I _____ _____ _____ _____ on a cruise, but I can’t afford it. would love to go would love go

I ______ ___ ___ out of money. seem to be 13-3 LET’S PRACTICE I ______ ___ ___ out of money. seem to be seem be

13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE I love to go fishing with my dad.

(a) All of a sudden, it began raining. 13-4 VERB + GERUND OR INFINITIVE (a) All of a sudden, it began raining. (b) All of a sudden, it began to rain. gerund or infinitive some verbs

I _____ ___ _____ in line. hate to wait 13-4 LET’S PRACTICE hate wait I _____ ___ _____ in line. hate to wait I _____ _______ in line. hate waiting

I ______ __________ yesterday, but I quit. began studying 13-4 LET’S PRACTICE begin study I ______ __________ yesterday, but I quit. began studying I _____ _____ _____ yesterday, but I quit. began to study

testifying at the trial. 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND She is nervous about testifying at the trial.

(a) Some people are afraid of driving. 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND (a) Some people are afraid of driving.

(a) Some people are afraid of driving. 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND (a) Some people are afraid of driving. (b) Alex is responsible for leading our team project.

(a) Some people are afraid of driving. 13-5 PREPOSITION + GERUND (a) Some people are afraid of driving. (b) Alex is responsible for leading our team project. (c) She apologized for being rude to her mom.

Angie is good ___ (teach) ________ math. at teaching 13-5 LET’S PRACTICE Angie is good ___ (teach) ________ math. at teaching

They are planning ____ (study) __________ all afternoon for the test. 13-5 LET’S PRACTICE They are planning ____ (study) __________ all afternoon for the test. on studying

They are excited ______ (start) _______ their new project. about 13-5 LET’S PRACTICE They are excited ______ (start) _______ their new project. about starting

It takes six hours to get from Baltimore to Seattle by air. 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE It takes six hours to get from Baltimore to Seattle by air.

(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE (a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the number of minutes and pressing the ON button.

(a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE (a) You turn on the microwave by selecting the number of minutes and pressing the ON button. how something is done By + a gerund

(b) I love travelling by train. 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE (b) I love travelling by train.

(b) I love travelling by train. (c) Many people eat with chopsticks. 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE (b) I love travelling by train. (c) Many people eat with chopsticks.

(b) I love travelling by train. (c) Many people eat with chopsticks. 13-6 USING BY AND WITH TO EXPRESS HOW SOMETHING IS DONE (b) I love travelling by train. (c) Many people eat with chopsticks. by OR with how something is done + noun

Some people in London get around ___ double-decker bus. by 13-6 LET’S PRACTICE by with Some people in London get around ___ double-decker bus. by

Most students don’t write their reports _____ hand anymore. by 13-6 LET’S PRACTICE Most students don’t write their reports _____ hand anymore. by with by

Floors can be cleaned _____ a mop. with 13-6 LET’S PRACTICE Floors can be cleaned _____ a mop. with by with

Riding a motorcycle can be exciting. 13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE Riding a motorcycle can be exciting.

(a) Riding motorcycles is dangerous. 13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE (a) Riding motorcycles is dangerous. (b) It is dangerous to ride motorcycles. same meaning

(c) Visiting other countries is fun. 13-7 USING GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS; USING IT + INFINITIVE (c) Visiting other countries is fun. gerund subject a gerund is singular verb is singular (d) It is fun to visit other countries. it subject it to visit other countries

It is important to do well in school. 13-7 LET’S PRACTICE Gerund as subject It is important to do well in school. ________________ is important. Doing well in school

It can be helpful to study with a friend. 13-7 LET’S PRACTICE Gerund as subject It can be helpful to study with a friend. _____________________________. Studying with a friend can be helpful

Is it scary to climb mountains? 13-7 LET’S PRACTICE Gerund as subject Is it scary to climb mountains? Yes, _______________________. climbing mountains is scary

It is a good idea for everyone to get a flu shot. 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) It is a good idea for everyone to get a flu shot.

(a) You should get a flu shot. 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) (a) You should get a flu shot. (b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot. similar meaning

(a) You should get a flu shot. 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) (a) You should get a flu shot. (b) It is necessary for you to get a flu shot. (c) He should be careful. (d) It is important for him to be careful. it is + adjective + for (someone) + infinitive phrase

(e) We don’t have to go to work today. 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) (e) We don’t have to go to work today. (f) It isn’t necessary for us to go to work today.

(e) We don’t have to go to work today. 13-8 IT + INFINITIVE: USING FOR (SOMEONE) (e) We don’t have to go to work today. (f) It isn’t necessary for us to go to work today. (g) A dog can’t drive a car. (h) It is impossible for a dog to drive a car.

World leaders should be honest. 13-8 LET’S PRACTICE World leaders should be honest. It is important ________________________. for world leaders to be honest

In some cultures, brides wear red. 13-8 LET’S PRACTICE In some cultures, brides wear red. In some cultures, it is appropriate ___________________. for brides to wear red

It is impossible _______________. for snakes to run 13-8 LET’S PRACTICE Snakes can’t run. It is impossible _______________. for snakes to run

I am going to college in order to get a good education. 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR I am going to college in order to get a good education.

- Why are you going to college? 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR - Why are you going to college? I am going to college because I want a good education. (b) I am going to college in order to get a good education. (c) I am going to college to get a good education. same meaning in order frequently omitted In order to purpose

(d) I am going to college for an education. 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR (d) I am going to college for an education. for purpose preposition noun

(d) I am going to college for an education. 13-9 EXPRESSING PURPOSE WITH IN ORDER TO AND FOR (d) I am going to college for an education. (e) I am going to college to get an education. INCORRECT: I am going to college for to get an education. INCORRECT: I am going to college for getting an education.

? I went to the ATM in order to withdraw money. CORRECT OR INCORRECT 13-9 LET’S PRACTICE ? CORRECT OR INCORRECT I went to the ATM in order to withdraw money.

? I went to the ATM for to withdraw money. CORRECT OR INCORRECT 13-9 LET’S PRACTICE ? CORRECT OR INCORRECT I went to the ATM for to withdraw money.

? I went to the ATM for withdrawing money. CORRECT OR INCORRECT 13-9 LET’S PRACTICE ? CORRECT OR INCORRECT I went to the ATM for withdrawing money.

This dessert is too delicious to resist. 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH This dessert is too delicious to resist.

(a) Hang gliding is too scary to try. 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH TOO + ADJECTIVE + (FOR SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE (a) Hang gliding is too scary to try. (b) Hang gliding is too scary for me to try. (c) Hang gliding is too scary for Sue to try.

too + adjective negative result 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH Hang gliding is too scary to try. Don’t even think of trying it. too + adjective negative result

Hang gliding is too scary. I can’t do it. 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH COMPARE Hang gliding is too scary. I can’t do it. Flying is very scary, but I can do it.

(d) I don’t have enough time to mop the floor. 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH ENOUGH + NOUN + INFINITIVE (d) I don’t have enough time to mop the floor. (e) Do you have enough time to do it?

(g) Are you strong enough to do it? 13-10 USING INFINITIVES WITH TOO AND ENOUGH ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE I’m not strong enough to mop the floor. (f) (g) Are you strong enough to do it?

I am too clumsy. I can’t be a waitress. 13-10 LET’S PRACTICE I am too clumsy. I can’t be a waitress. I am ______________________. too clumsy to be a waitress

These shoes are too small for me. 13-10 LET’S PRACTICE These shoes are too small for me. These shoes aren’t ________________. big enough for me

Hang gliding takes a lot of courage. 13-10 LET’S PRACTICE Hang gliding takes a lot of courage. enough courage I don’t have ______________ to try it.

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