Chapter 3: The American Colonies Take Shape Section 1: Immigration and Slavery

Objectives Explain how European immigration to the colonies changed between the late 1600s and 1700s. Analyze the development of slavery in the colonies. Describe the experience of enslaved Africans in the colonies.

Vocabulary Indentured Servant Triangular Trade Middle Passage Magna Carta English Bill of Rights Habeas Corpus Salutary Neglect Mercantilism Navigation Acts Great Awakening Staple Crop Cash Crop Dame School French and Indian War Pontiac’s Rebellion Proclamation of 1763 Albany Plan of Union Olaudah Equiano Benjamin Franklin George Washington

People Olaudah Equiano- African slave who wrote a journal about his negative experience Benjamin Franklin- A colonist and scientist who created the lightning rod, bifocal glasses, and almanac George Washington- The Colonial General in the American Revolution and 1st President of the U.S.

Terms and People indentured servants – poor immigrants who paid for passage to the colonies by agreeing to work for four to seven years triangular trade – three-part voyage that brought enslaved Africans to America Middle Passage – enslaved Africans carried across the Atlantic in brutal conditions Phillis Wheatley – first African American to publish a book of poems

Which major groups of immigrants came to Britain’s American colonies in the 1700s? Europeans from Germany and Scotland immigrated to the colonies. These newcomers reshaped American colonial society.

Immigrants from many backgrounds brought diversity to the colonies.

Scots and Scotch-Irish Germans Became the largest immigrant group. Became 2nd largest immigrant group. Motivated by poverty and easy legal access as part of Great Britain. Motivated by war, taxes and religious persecution. Worked as merchants in the tobacco trade and farmed from PA to the Carolinas. Mostly settled in Pennsylvania and farmed.

Diversity in the colonies meant that: No group was large enough to impose their beliefs on other groups. People realized that when they got along in a diverse society, everyone benefited. What does this image mean?

Colonists used slaves as a source of labor. Southern colonies needed a work force to grow labor-intensive crops of tobacco, rice, and indigo. Traders began to buy slaves from African merchants and transport them to the colonies to sell to plantation owners.

Africans were taken by force from West African countries to the colonies and Europe.

During the Middle Passage, Africans were shackled together into small spaces below a ship’s deck.

By the mid-1700s, the triangular trade of goods and slaves was well-established.

Manufactured goods were traded for captured Africans. Slave traders carried captured Africans to American colonies in the Middle Passage. Enslaved Africans were sold to colonists for raw materials. Traders took raw materials to England to be turned into manufactured goods.

Enslaved Africans worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week, in fields growing labor- intensive crops. Most enslaved Africans were given limited clothing and food, and lived in crude huts on plantations. Enslaved Africans were watched by owners who often whipped those who resisted being enslaved.

Africans reacted to enslavement by: Rebelling Uprisings of Africans against white owners often occurred. Running Away Ran away and lived in forests and swamps, or fled to Spanish Florida where they were free. Resisting Africans worked slow on purpose or faked illness.

Africans blended their various African traditions into the culture. They modified African instruments and music, and created new musical traditions. The banjo is a modified African instrument. Blues music originated in Africa

Freed slaves spoke out against slavery Freed slaves spoke out against slavery. After he gained his freedom, Olaudah Equiano wrote a widely read book about his enslavement.

Phillis Wheatley became the first African American poet to publish a book of poems in America. Owner allowed her to learn how to read and write. Her poetry was seen in newspapers, but colonial publishers refused to publish a book of her work.

Section 1 Assessment Why did Scots and Germans emigrate from their homelands? (Pg. 67-68) How did slavery differ in the North and South? (Pg. 70) What did slaves do in order to become free? (Pg. 71) What do you think was a benefit to the diversity in immigrants to the American colonies? (Opinion)

Escape poverty, taxes, and religious persecution in their homelands It was much more common in the South than the North Rebelled, ran away, resisted, intentionally worked slower, etc. Brought different cultures and traditions to this country