Dynamic Earth Ms. Susinno

In 1915, the German geologist and meteorologist Alfred Wegener first proposed the theory of continental drift which stated that continents were all connected at one point in Earth’s history. The theory of Continental drift led to the currently accepted theory of  plate tectonics.

This is a chicken This is pangea * The continents never actually looked like a chicken, but it’s funny!

Theory of Continental Drift Despite publishing a large body of compelling fossil and rock evidence (GEOLOGIC EVIDENCE) for his theory between 1912 and 1929, Wegener’s theory of Continental Drift was rejected by most other scientists because the theory failed to provide a mechanism for HOW the continents moved. Poor Alfred: https://youtu.be/T1-cES1Ekto Continents fit like puzzle pieces Fossils and rocks match up!

Plate Tectonics: The theory that the outer rigid layer of the earth (the lithosphere) is divided into a couple of dozen "plates" that move around across the earth's surface relative to each other. Evidence suggests that the plates are moving atop convection cells in the asthenosphere.

Click to see plate boundaries in action! http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo2/content/animations/2_1.htm

Earth’s layers The properties of the inner Earth are inferred with evidence from Earthquake waves We have never penetrated the crust so we have very little direct evidence of the Earth’s interior! The Earth’s interior is separated into layers because of GRAVITY AND DENSITY http://www.regentsearth.com/Illustrated%20ESRT/Page%2010%20(Earth's%20Interior)/Page%2010%20index.ht m https://youtu.be/ZkaDvzGGspM

Earth’s layers: The asthenosphere is the layer of the Earth that lies below the lithosphere. This Plastic Mantle contains rock that is partially melted and slowly moving below the lithospheric plates. This allows the tectonic plates of the lithosphere to move around on the Earth's surface by “riding" on the convection cells in the asthenosphere! https://ees.as.uky.edu/sites/default/files/elearning/module06swf.swf

Harry Hess (May 24, 1906 – August 25, 1969) considered a founding father of Plate Tectonics, found evidence for sea floor spreading Marie Tharp (July 30, 1920 - August 23, 2006) created the first scientific map of the entire ocean floor. The Sea Floor

Mid ocean ridges A mid-ocean ridge  is a type under-water, volcanic mountain ridge. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust. Lava cools to magma and creates a ridge where two plates diverge. The sea floor is made of basalt. http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/eoc/teachers/t_tectonics/p_seafloorspreading.html

Sea floor Spreading Iron in the sea floor lines up with Magnetic North. Magnetic North changes throughout Earth’s History The ocean floor keeps a tangible record of polarity

Sea Floor Spreading- Evidence that provided the mechanism (convection cells in the asthenosphere) for plate tectonics that Wegener was lacking in his theory. http://study.com/academy/lesson/sea-floor-spreading-and-polar-reversal.html

Plate boundaries http://www.wwnorton.com/college/geo/egeo2/content/animations/2_1.htm

Types of Faults

Hanging wall Foot Wall

Earthquake Waves P Waves- Primary Waves- travel the fastest, first to arrive. Also called push-pull waves because this describes the grounds motion as the waves pass. Travel through solids, liquids or gas. S Waves- Secondary Waves- Travel slower than P waves. Also called Side to Side waves because this describes their motion. Only travel through solids. Surface Waves- includes both push-pull motion and side to side motion. Cause the most damage because they travel along the surface.

Seismometers are instruments that measure motion of the ground, including those of seismic waves generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and other ground shaking events Seismogram:

The Richter magnitude scale (often shortened to Richter scale) is the most common standard of measurement for earthquakes. It was invented in 1935 by Charles F. Richter of the California Institute of Technology as a mathematical device to compare the size of earthquakes. The Richter scale is used to rate the magnitude of an earthquake, that is the amount of energy released during an earthquake. The Richter scale doesn't measure quake damage

The Mercalli intensity scale is a seismic scale used for measuring the intensity of an earthquake by taking into account, the damage reported at each location Identify the earthquake intensity of each observation made at different locations.

The shadow zone is the area of the earth from angular distances of 104 to 140 degrees from a given earthquake that does not receive any direct P waves. The shadow zone results from S waves being stopped entirely by the liquid core and P waves being bent (refracted) by the liquid core. http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1009/es1009page01.cfm

Real-Time Earthquake Map http://ds.iris.edu/seismon/ http://ds.iris.edu/seismon/swaves/

Earthquake safety

The End Up Next - locating an epicenter