Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2012

Biopsychology Domain

Consciousness

Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms Module 08 Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms Consciousness Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

Consciousness Awareness of yourself and your environment.

Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

Biological Rhythms Periodic physiological fluctuations. Can affect physiological functioning Fall into three main categories Circadian Rhythms Ultradian Rhythms Infradian Rhythms

Circadian Rhythms Biological rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur approximately every 24 hours. Example: Sleep-wake cycle and temperature

Ultradian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur more than once each day. Example: Stages of sleep throughout the night

Infradian Rhythms Biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season. Example: Women’s menstrual cycle

Body Rhythms Most of our body rhythms are automatic and we do not notice them. However, if we understand them better, we can make the most of our days and nights.

Sleep and Sleep Deficit Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

How much of your life have you slept so far? Let’s try and estimate this! How much on average do you get each night, and mulitiple by the days you have been alive. Sleep Diary assignment The Science of Sleep (15) science of sleep National Geographic (46)

Sleep Deprivation Effects Decreases efficiency of immune system functioning Increases stress hormone, connected to learning and memory Increases appetite and eating: so often people are more overweight

Safety and accident issues: more truck driver road accidents due to this than alcohol related accidents. But scary because it is often not noticeable to the driver. Contributes to hypertension, impaired concentration, irritability, suppression of cancer-fighting cells, premature aging

Sleep deprived brains have to work harder Negative effects on long term and short term memory If sleep deprived on a regular basis, people can start to suffer mania (psychosis, extreme energy levels, hallucinations, aggression, etc)

Sleep Deprivation

If sleep deprivation is so dangerous, why are teens getting on average 2 hours less a night? Why do you think? science of sleep part 2 Teens and sleep deprivation (3) Sleepy Teens Tedtalk (10)

Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms Why We Sleep Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

Hypothalamus Sleep control center in the brain Monitors changes in light or dark in the environment Changes levels of hormones in the body

Melatonin Hormone that helps regulate daily biological rhythms. Linked to the sleep-wake cycle Melatonin level increases during the night and decreases with exposure to morning light

Reasons for Sleep/Why? Two primary reasons: Preservation: keep us protected from the dangers of the night Restoration: recuperate from the wear and tear of the day

Sleep Stages, REM Sleep and Dreaming Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

Used to collect data on sleep patterns:Electroencephalograph (EEG) Machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain’s surface; electrodes placed on the scalp measure these waves.

EEG

EEG

Wake State to Stage 1

Stage 1 Sleep(NREM 1) Breathing is slowed. Brain waves become irregular. It is easy to wake the person, who will insist they are not asleep. Rarely lasts longer than 5 minutes

Stage 1

Stage 2 Sleep (NREM 2) Brain wave cycle slows. First time through stage 2 last about 20 minutes. On and off you will spend over half of your night asleep in this stage

Stage 2

Stages 3 (NREM 3) Slow wave sleep is about 30 minutes and is where one gets rejuvenated

Stage 3

Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: REM Sleep Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

Non-REM Sleep Stages 1 - 3 considered N-REM (non-REM sleep)

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Called rapid eye movement (REM Sleep) as eyes move quickly back and forth Considered “paradoxical sleep”: why?

REM sleep is sometimes called paradoxical sleep as one’s physiology is close to that of being awake but the brainstem blocks all muscle movement During REM sleep brain wave patterns are similar to when a person is awake Pulse and breathing quickens. Blood flows to the genitals

Typical Night’s Sleep

Stage 4/REM Changes

Sleep Changes through Life

Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms Sleep Stages, REM, and Dreaming: Why Do We Dream? Doc: What are Dreams? Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

Information-Processing Theory Dreams serve an important memory- related function by sorting and sifting through the day’s experiences Research suggests REM sleep helps memory storage.

Information-Processing Theory

Physiological Function Theory Neural activity during REM sleep provides periodic stimulation of the brain.

Physiological Function Theory

Activation-Synthesis Theory Dreams are the mind’s attempt to make sense of random neural firings in the brain as one sleeps.

Activation Synthesis Theory

Cognitive Development Theory Dreams part of the maturation process Dreams reflect our knowledge Reflection of normal cognitive development

Cognitive Development Theory

Sleep Disorders and Sleep Problems Module 08: Sleep, Dreams, and Body Rhythms

Insomnia Recurring problems falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleeping pills tend to inhibit or suppress REM sleep; worsen the problem Alcohol suppresses REM sleep; also worsens the problem Studies show most people overestimate how long it took them to get to sleep

Sleep Apnea Sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. Tend to be loud snorers Continuous Positive Airway Pressure machine

Sleep Apnea Central sleep apnea – after an individual falls asleep, the diaphragm stops moving because the brain no longer sends impulses to control it. Upper Airway Sleep Apnea – breathing is blocked by loss of muscle tone in the tongue, throat and larnyx

Narcolepsy Sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks; the sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. Nervous system getting aroused tends to trigger the sleep attack

Cataplexy The most dramatic component of narcolepsy Attacks of muscle weakness or near total paralysis

Somnambulism Sleepwalking, which usually starts in the deep stages of NREM sleep; the sleepwalker can walk or talk and is able to see but rarely has any memory of the event.

Night Terrors Sleep related problem characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, they occur during NREM 3 sleep, occur within two or three hours of falling sleep, and are seldom remembered.

Other Sleep Disorders Bruxism – teeth grinding Enuresis – bed wetting Myoclonus – sudden jerk of a body part occurring during stage 1 sleep Everyone has occasional episodes of myoclonus

Less well known sleep disorders Some people suffer sleep-wake cycle disorders in which they fall asleep later each night because their bodies run on a 26 hour or 27 hour cycle. Some people regularly wake up with excruciating headaches or muscle spasms in which their legs jerk them out of bed.  

Klein-Levin syndrome causes people to sleep for days Klein-Levin syndrome causes people to sleep for days. During this time, they may walk to the bathroom or refrigerator without ever remembering having left their beds. Hypnophobia is the fear of going to sleep. Hypnalgia is the experience of dream pain.

The End

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Teacher Information Domain Coding Key Terms and Definitions in Red Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards. Scientific Inquiry Domain Biopsychology Domain Development and Learning Domain Social Context Domain Cognition Domain Individual Variation Domain Applications of Psychological Science Domain Key Terms and Definitions in Red To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

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