Starter .... Complete the flow chart and glossary terms

Help card ... Following injury, mast cells in the tissues become activated to produce histamine and various cytokines, which then trigger the start of the inflammatory response. Histamine causes vasodilation and increased permeability of blood capillaries. This results in an increased blood flow to the infected area and allows other cells of the immune system to reach the infected tissues.   Cytokines are small signalling molecules that attract phagocytes to the site of infection. Phagocytes are white blood cells that engulf and destroy the bacteria that have caused the infection, they also engulf and destroy damaged tissue cells. The presence of bacteria at the site of infection stimulates antimicrobial proteins known as ‘complement’ to arrive at the site of infection. The complement system helps the body to rid itself of infection by amplifying the immune response.   Clotting elements are also attracted to the site of infection, where they act to promote coagulation of the blood. This prevents the site of infection from bleeding and allows the infected area to heal.

Glossary terms Function Mast cell White blood cells found in the connective tissue which contain many histamine granules Histamine Chemical causing vasodilation and increased permeability to capillaries Cytokine Cell signalling protein molecules which are secreted by cells Phagocyte White blood cell which engulf and digest (due to lysosomes with digestive enzymes) pathogens Complement Antimicrobial proteins that amplify inflammatory response Clotting element Cause the coagulation of infection site for healing

Flow chart

Big picture Immune system diseases Non specific immunity Disease survival mechanisms Physical & chemical barriers Infectious Disease Inflammatory Transmission Epidemiology Non-specific Cellular response Specific immunity Vaccination Public Health Immunological surveillance Clonal Selection theory B cells T cells Big picture

What do these all have in common? Issue picture cards to groups, give them a few minutes to discuss the images. What do the pictures have in common? What do they mean? (Observatory/telescope, lighthouse, lifeguard, eagle – pictures all relate to keeping watch, having a look out, observing etc.)   Use the answers to introduce the role of lymphocytes in immune surveillance. Include natural killer cells, B cells and T cells.

What do these all have in common? Observatory/ telescope Lighthouse Eagle – watching Issue picture cards to groups, give them a few minutes to discuss the images. What do the pictures have in common? What do they mean? (Observatory/telescope, lighthouse, lifeguard, eagle – pictures all relate to keeping watch, having a look out, observing etc.)   Use the answers to introduce the role of lymphocytes in immune surveillance. Include natural killer cells, B cells and T cells. Life guard

Learning outcomes Explain immunological surveillance

Immunological surveillance! A range of types of white blood cell (leukocytes) constantly circulate, monitoring the tissues. If tissues become damaged or invaded a variety of cells release cytokines, which recruit specific white blood cells to the site of infection or tissue damage. This is called immunological surveillance

Many white cells circulate and monitor Leukocytes (white blood cells) are the most numerous cells of the immune system. They are produced in the bone marrow and use the blood to transport themselves around the body – they are constantly on the lookout for microbes, pathogens, antigens etc. Leukocytes can leave the circulatory system and enter the tissues, where they function.   If the tissues become damaged or invaded, leukocytes are capable of secreting over 100 different protein messengers known collectively as cytokines. Cytokines regulate host cell growth and function in both specific and non-specific defences. Secretion of cytokines can trigger a number of responses. Some cytokines are chemokines (chemoattractants). Once secreted these chemokines attract phagocytes (non-specific) and T cells (specific) to the site of injury. This stimulates an inflammatory response as well as an immune response.

Leukocytes (white blood cells) are the most numerous cells of the immune system. They are produced in the bone marrow and use the blood to transport themselves around the body – they are constantly on the lookout for microbes, pathogens, antigens etc. Leukocytes can leave the circulatory system and enter the tissues, where they function.  If the tissues become damaged or invaded, leukocytes are capable of secreting over 100 different protein messengers known collectively as cytokines. Cytokines regulate host cell growth and function in both specific and non-specific defences. Secretion of cytokines can trigger a number of responses. Some cytokines are chemokines (chemoattractants). Once secreted these chemokines attract phagocytes (non-specific) and T cells (specific) to the site of injury. This stimulates an inflammatory response as well as an immune response.

Immunological surveillance THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS MOST LIKE ..... NOSY PARKERS VIGILANTES NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH CCTV BIG BROTHER BECAUSE ......

WRITE A NEWSPAPER ARTICE ON IMMUNOSURVEILLANCE The news report should contain the following : Introduction – a catchy opening line (hook), a few basic facts. Middle – the 5Ws and an H: who, what, where, why, when and how (in any order). A relevant picture/diagram to refer to. End – a summary and conclusion of what has happened. What might happen next? What are the consequences of this response?

STUCK ... Beginning A catchy opening line and a few basic facts. Middle Who – Who is this happening to? Who is affected? What – What is happening? Where – Where is it happening? Why – Why is it happening? When – When does this happen? How – How does this response come about? A relevant picture or diagram to refer to. End Summarise what has happened, what might happen next, what are the consequences of this?