1. One of the great joys in life is to be almost run off the road by a maniac driver and then see a Jesus fish on their bumper.

2. Body’s Defenses
An animal must defend itself against unwelcome intruders:
dangerous viruses
Bacteria
It must also deal with abnormal body cells, which, in some cases, may develop into cancer.
(An under appreciated responsibility of the system)

3. Explain the body’s 3 lines of defense in a manner of your choosing (what are the three lines, how does each work?)

4. Three cooperative lines of defense have evolved to counter these threats.
Two of these are nonspecific - that is, they do not distinguish one infectious agent from another.

5. First line of defense: The skin and mucous membranes provide barriers to infection
Intact skin is a barrier that cannot normally be penetrated by bacteria or viruses, although even minute abrasions may allow their passage.

6. Beyond their role as a physical barrier, the skin and mucous membranes counter pathogens with chemical defenses.
In humans, for example, secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands give the skin a pH ranging from 3 to 5, which is acidic enough to prevent colonization by many microbes.
Microbial colonization is also inhibited by the washing action of saliva, tears, and mucous secretions that continually bathe the exposed epithelium.
All these secretions contain antimicrobial proteins.
One of these, the enzyme lysozyme, digests the cell walls of many bacteria, destroying them.

7. Second line of defense: Phagocytic cells, inflammation, and antimicrobial proteins function early in infection
Microbes that penetrate the first line of defense face the second line of defense, which depends mainly on phagocytosis, the ingestion of invading organisms by certain types of white cells.
3 Types Phagocytes:
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Natural Killer Cells

8. What is the role of each second line of defense cell?
-Neutrophil
-Macrophage
-Natural Killer cell

9. The phagocytic cells called neutrophils constitute about 60%-70% of all white blood cells.
Cells damaged by invading microbes release chemical signals that attract neutrophils from the blood.
The neutrophils enter the infected tissue, engulfing and destroying microbes there.
Neutrophils tend to self-destruct (turn into pus) as they destroy foreign invaders, and their average life span is only a few days.

10. Monocytes AKA Macrophages provide an even more effective phagocytic defense.
After a few hours in the blood, they migrate into tissues and develop into macrophages: large, long-lived phagocytes.
These cells extend long pseudopodia that can attach to polysaccharides on a microbe’s surface, engulfing the microbe by phagocytosis, and fusing the resulting vacuole with a lysosome.

11. What cell protects you from cancerous cells and also destroys virus infected cells?

12. Natural killer (NK) cells do not attack microorganisms directly but destroy virus-infected body cells and cancerous cells.
They also attack abnormal body cells that could become cancerous.
NK cells mount an attack on the cell’s membrane, causing the cell to lyse
Small NK cells “sneaking” up on cancer cell

13. Most of the second line of defense cells reside in lymph nodes in the lymphatic system

14. Damage to tissue by a physical injury or by the entry of microorganisms triggers a localized inflammatory response
Damaged cells release factors which cause mast cells to release histamine which causes local blood vessels to get larger in diameter and “leaky”

15. One of the chemical signals of the inflamatory response is histamine.
Histamine is released by circulating leucocytes called basophils and by mast cells in connective tissue.
Histamine triggers both dilation and increased permeability of nearby capillaries (makes it easier for second line cells to get to site).
swelling
runny nose

16. How could someone die from an allergic reaction to things like bee sting, nuts, sea food?

17. Third Line: Specific Immune Response: Lymphocytes
While microorganisms are under assault by phagocytic cells, the inflammatory response, and antimicrobial proteins, they inevitably encounter lymphocytes, the key cells of the immune system - the body’s third line of defense.
Lymphocytes generate efficient and selective immune responses that work throughout the body to eliminate particular invaders.
This includes pathogens, transplanted cells, and even cancer cells, which they detect as foreign.
Both types of lymphocytes circulate throughout the blood and lymph and are concentrated in the spleen, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic tissue

18. What is the role of each third line of defense cell?

19. Lymphocytes provide the specificity and diversity of the immune system
The vertebrate body is populated by two main types of lymphocytes:
B lymphocytes (B cells)
T lymphocytes (T cells).
Have receptor that will bind an antigen
Will secrete same receptor as an antibody
Have receptor that will bind an antigen
Do not secrete the receptor

20. One way that an antigen elicits an immune response is by activating B cells to secrete proteins called antibodies.
Each antigen has a particular molecular shape and stimulates certain B cells to secrete antibodies that interact specifically with it.

21. How do antibodies help fight pathogens?