Mr. Hemler Chatterton Middle School 5/17/2010 Road to Civil War Mr. Hemler Chatterton Middle School 5/17/2010

Ending Slavery Reform movements spread in 1800 Abolitionists were Americans that wanted to abolish, or end, slavery

American Colonization Society The first large-scale antislavery effort Bought enslaved workers and sent them abroad to start new lives (in the Caribbean or Africa) In 1822, the Society created an African colony called Liberia, which means “place of freedom” American Colonization Society did not work: They could only free a small amount of slaves Many African Americans desired to stay in the U.S.

Other Abolitionists William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass White abolitionist Created his own antislavery newspaper, The Liberator Frederick Douglass Escaped slave that taught himself to read and write Traveled the world speaking against slavery Sojourner Truth Real name was Isabella Baumfree Escaped from slavery and recovered her son from slavery Joined the abolition and women’s rights movements

The Underground Railroad Not a subterranean railroad! A system that helped slaves follow a network of escape routes out of the South into the North

Fugitive Slave Act In 1850, the Fugitive Slave Act required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves Anyone caught helping a fugitive could be fined or put in prison

Adding Missouri (1819) At the time, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states Each state gets 2 Senators The addition of a new state would upset the balance

The Missouri Compromise Henry Clay proposed a compromise Missouri would enter as a slave state Maine (a part of Massachusetts) would be added as a free state This Compromise preserved the balance between free and slave states

Results of the Missouri Compromise of 1820 Kept the peace for nearly 30 years Six new states joined the Union 3 slave and 3 free Still equal representation AND THEN along came…California

Wilmot Proviso (1846) Mexican American War began in 1846 David Wilmot proposed that slavery should be prohibited in any lands acquired from Mexico John C. Calhoun proposed that Congress did not have the authority to ban slavery Neither proposal passed

The Compromise of 1850 Henry Clay to the rescue AGAIN California would be added as a free state New Mexico and Utah territories would let their residents decide

Henry Clay, the Great Compromiser Died in 1852 Never gave up hope in finding peaceful solutions to problems One his grave marker it says, “I know no North – no South – No East – No West”

Federal Power vs. State Power Many issues leading up to the Civil War were based on federal and state power The Tariff Crisis: Can a state nullify a federal law? Slavery: Can the federal government ban slavery in a state? Both federal and state governments had to work together to find solutions (compromise)

The Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) Stephen A. Douglas proposed organizing two new states: Kansas and Nebraska Both fell north of the line established in the Missouri Compromise to determine free and slave states Both seemed likely to be free states Douglas needed support from the South Suggested abandoning the Missouri Compromise Proposed letting the people choose

Passage of the Act North was opposed South supported it Did not want slavery in areas that had been free for 30 years South supported it They knew the settlers would vote for slavery President Pierce and a few Northern Democrats supported it Congress passed the Act in 1854

The Vote in Kansas Proslavery and antislavery groups rushed into Kansas to vote 1,500 voters lived in Kansas 6,000 Americans voted Border Ruffians: Proslavery supporters from Missouri that traveled in armed groups A proslavery legislature was elected Passed laws supporting slavery Restricted political office to proslavery candidates

Two Kansas Governments Antislavery settlers refused to support the new government Held their own elections Adopted a constitution that banned slavery Each government asked Congress for support President Pierce and the Senate supported the proslavery government The House of Representatives supported the antislavery government

“Bleeding Kansas” In 1856, 800 slavery supporters attacked the antislavery capital of Lawrence, KS Destroyed the town Burned the hotel and home of the governor Tore down two newspaper offices John Brown (an abolitionist) and his sons seized and killed 5 supporters of slavery Armed groups roamed the territory as fighting continued After 5 months, the bloodshed stopped

Fighting in Congress Charles Sumner: Senator from MA, criticized proslavery forces in KS in a speech 2 days later, Representative Preston Brooks beat Sumner with a cane Sumner was unable to return to Congress for several years!

Dred Scott Dred Scott was an army doctor’s slave Live in Missouri (slave state) Moved to Illinois (free state) Moved to the Wisconsin Territory (free) Returned to Missouri When the doctor died, Scott sued for his freedom He had lived on free soil

The Dred Scott Decision The case reached the Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Taney said that Scott was still a slave Slaves could not bring lawsuits Slaves were property Living on free soil does not make you free Congress had no power to prohibit slavery Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional

Reaction to the Decision South was happy Nothing could legally prevent the spread of slavery Republicans in the North were upset Their main issue (stopping the spread of slavery) was ruled illegal All Democrats were happy This case weakened the Republican Party

Lincoln and Douglas Both running for Senate in Illinois (1858) Stephen A. Douglas Nickname “The Little Giant” Disliked slavery, but liked growth more Believed in popular sovereignty Abraham Lincoln Unknown lawyer Born poor in Kentucky Believed slavery would divide the Union

Lincoln-Douglas Debates Lincoln challenged Douglas to a series of debates Douglas agreed that people in territories could ban slavery Became known as the Freeport Doctrine Lost support in the South Douglas accused Lincoln of thinking blacks and whites should be equal Lincoln lost the election, but gained fame

Harpers Ferry (1859) John Brown led a raid on Harpers Ferry, VA 18 Men Both whites and African Americans Wanted the arsenal (storage place for weapons) Brown hoped to start a rebellion by arming slaves Brown and his men were defeated Local Citizens Federal troops

Executing John Brown Brown was convicted of treason Sentenced to hang Many from the North saw Brown as a hero and a martyr (a person who dies for a cause he/she believes in) Brown’s death rallied abolitionists The South began to fear the worst

Election of 1860 Slavery split the Democratic Party apart Northern Democrats Nominate Stephen Douglas Supported popular sovereignty Southern Democrats Nominate John Breckenridge of Kentucky Believed in the Dred Scott decision The Republicans tried to attract many voters Nominated Abraham Lincoln Argued slavery should be left alone in the South, but should be banned from all new territories

Lincoln Elected Lincoln won the Election of 1860 He won every single northern state His name did not even appear on most Southern ballots Lincoln-Red Breckinridge-Green Bell-Orange Douglas-Blue

The South Secedes Southerners did not believe that the Republicans would not disturb slavery in the South In Dec. 1860, South Carolina voted to secede from the Union Attempts to compromise failed

The Confederacy By Feb. 1861, 5 more states joined them Delegates from these states met in AL They formed a new nation and government The Confederate States of America (Confederacy) They chose Jefferson Davis (a senator from Mississippi) as their president

Presidential Response When the states seceded, Lincoln wasn’t president yet James Buchanan was Pres. until March Said the South did not have the right to secede Said he had no power to stop them Lincoln became Pres. in March 1860 Said he would hold federal property in the South & enforce laws Told the South they were not enemies, but friends

Fort Sumter The Civil War had begun. Fort Sumter in SC Running low on supplies Confederates were demanding they surrender Lincoln was sending supplies, but no weapons Unless they were fired on Jefferson Davis decided to attack the fort before the supplies arrived After 33 hours, the Union surrendered the fort No lives were lost The Civil War had begun.

Study Guide

Question 1 Who were the abolitionists? Reformers who worked to abolish, or end, slavery

Question 2 Where did the American Colonization Society send slaves they freed? The Caribbean or Africa (the colony of Liberia)

Question 3 How was William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator different from other white abolitionist newspapers? Garrison was one of the first white abolitionists to call for the “immediate and complete emancipation [freeing]” of enslaved people

Question 4 Who was Frederick Douglass? Douglas was the most widely known African American abolitionist. He escaped from slavery after teaching himself to read and write.

Question 5 What did Sojourner Truth dedicate her life to after becoming free? The movements for abolition and for women’s rights

Question 6 What was the Underground Railroad? A system that helped African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North

Question 7 What did the Fugitive Slave Act require all citizens to do? Required all citizens to help catch runaway slaves

Question 8 How did the Fugitive Slave Act punish those who helped slaves escape? Anyone who aided a fugitive could be fined or imprisoned.

Question 9 What is a fugitive? A runaway or someone trying to runaway

Question 10 How would adding a new state to the U.S. in 1819 affect the balance of power in the nation? Because each state gets 2 Senators, adding a new slave or free state would give one side more Senators than the other

Question 11 What 2 states entered the US under the Missouri Compromise and were they free states or slave states? Missouri entered the US as a slave state. Maine entered the US as a free state.

Question 12 How did the Missouri Compromise determine whether future states would be free or slave? It prohibited slavery in the remainder of the territories north of the 36°N latitude (the southern border of Missouri)

Question 13 What was the Wilmot Proviso? Proposed law that would prohibit slavery in lands that might be acquired in the Mexican-American War

Question 14 How did John C. Calhoun respond to the Wilmot Proviso? He said that neither Congress nor any territorial government had the power to ban or regulate slavery in a territory

Question 15 How did the Compromise of 1850 determine whether the land acquired from Mexico were free or slave? California entered as a free state. The New Mexico territory would have no restrictions on slavery

Question 16 Why do you think Henry Clay was called “The Great Compromiser”? Clay proposed the Tariff Compromise, the Missouri Compromise, and the Compromise of 1850 (but NOT the Great Compromise!!)

Question 17 What is nullification? To cancel something, like a law

Question 18 What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act? A proposal to allow the settlers in the Kansas and Nebraska territories to vote on whether to allow slavery (abandoned the Missouri Compromise)

Question 19 What was “Bleeding Kansas” and why did it happen? Bleeding Kansas was when settlers in Kansas fought each other over the issue of slavery (caused by election proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act)

Question 20 How does the Brooks-Sumner Incident show how the North and South were growing apart? Brooks (from the South) beat Sumner (from the North) with a cane, showing how the South and North disliked each other

Question 21 Why was the Republican Party formed? The Republican Party was formed to challenge proslavery Whigs and Democrats and ban slavery from new territories

Question 22 Did the Supreme Court grant Dred Scott his freedom? No, the Supreme Court ruled Scott was still legally a slave

Question 23 What did the Supreme Court say about Congress’ power to prohibit slavery? They said Congress does not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory

Question 24 What did the Dred Scott Decision mean for the Missouri Compromise? What did it mean for the Republican Party? It ruled both the Missouri Compromise and the Republicans’ main issue, the restriction of slavery, unconstitutional

Question 25 Who was Stephen A. Douglas and what 1854 Act did he help pass? He was a Senator from Illinois, Lincoln’s main opponent, and he helped pass the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Question 26 What is popular sovereignty? Government subject to the will of the people

Question 27 How did Abraham Lincoln get noticed during the 1858 Senate elections? He challenged Douglas to a series of debates

Question 28 What were the Lincoln-Douglas Debates? Debates in Illinois in the 1858 Senate elections between Lincoln and Douglas, where they talked about slavery and popular sovereignty

Question 29 What happened in Harpers Ferry, VA, in 1859? John Brown and 18 abolitionists captured the arsenal in an attempt to start a slave rebellion in Virginia

Question 30 Who was John Brown and why did abolitionists consider him a hero? Brown was an extreme abolitionist that killed 5 people in Kansas and tried to start an uprising in Virginia. Abolitionists saw him as a hero because he fought slavery.

Question 31 What is a martyr? Who in this chapter can be described as a martyr? A martyr is someone that dies for a cause they believe in. John Brown can be described as a martyr.