Bellringer Make sure to upload your problem statement and research question google document to Seesaw by the end of today. We will be going over your Atoms, Ions, Molecules and Properties of Water Quiz today as the warm-up.

Carbon Chemistry

Learning Targets Describe why carbon atoms form the basis of organic molecules and the formation of organic monomers and polymers. Understand and explain the processes of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions. Explain the basic structure of carbohydrates, the 3 main types of carbohydrates and their basic functions. Explain the basic structure of lipids, the 2 main types of lipids and their basic functions. Explain the basic structure of proteins and discuss the role of enzymes in chemical reactions. Explain the basic structure of nucleic acids, the 2 main types of nucleic acids and their basic function.

 Carbon Carbon atoms have four electrons in their outer shell that can form strong covalent bonds. Carbon can also bond to other carbon atoms making unlimited chains with single, double or triple bonds. This allows carbon to form millions of different types of molecules. And make up the carbon backbone for our macromolecules.

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Macromolecules  Macromolecules are giant molecules formed by carbon joining with other carbon atoms and other elements by covalent bonds Some macromolecules are POLYMERS Polymers are formed when monomers (smaller units) join to form polymers (larger units) by covalent bonds. mono – one poly - many 

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How to Build a Polymer   Dehydration Synthesis joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH– other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O  H2O HO H

How to Break Down a Polymer  Hydrolysis use H2O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H2O is split into H+ and OH–  H2O HO H

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Carbohydrates  Main source of energy. Found in a ratio of (1:2:1) 1 Carbon : 2 Hydrogen :1 Oxygen Monomers: Monosaccharides: a single simple sugar molecule Ex. Glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides: two monosaccharides put together Ex. Lactose, sucrose, maltose Polymers: Polysaccharides: 3 or more monosaccharides put together Ex. Cellulose (makes up cell walls of plants), glycogen (stored in animal muscle), Starch (made and stored by plants)

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Lipids  Primary function to store energy Lipids are macromolecules however, they are NOT polymers Types of lipids Triglycerides: found in solid state and liquid state as oil. Contain glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains Phospholipids: found in cell membranes Waxes: found in beehives Steroids (cholesterol): hormones, provide strength for cell membrane, made of fused rings of Carbon.

Benefits of Fats (Lipids)  Stored Energy Insulation Protection Buoyancy

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Triglycerides: Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids  Triglycerides: Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids Saturated Fatty Acids: maximum number of H+ atoms used: the BAD BOYS!!! Unsaturated: contain at least 1 C=C bond (double carbon bond), liquid at room temperature.

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Nucleic Acids  Nucleic Acids are polymers Monomers: nucleotides made up of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. Examples: DNA (stored in the nucleus of the cell) and RNA Function: The molecules of genetic information…heredity and protein synthesis Monomers: nucleotides 5 carbon sugars with a phosphate and a nitrogen base. ATP is a nucleotide that is made up of 3 phosphates and stores energy.

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Proteins  Proteins are polymers Monomers: amino acids. Made of nitrogen + carbon + hydrogen + oxygen. Monomers: amino acids. There are more than 20 different amino acids in nature. Amino Acids are different from each other because of their side group, also called R-group.

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Functions of Proteins  Control reactions Regulate cell function Form bones and muscle Fight disease Transport substances

Protein Structure  Proteins are joined together by peptide bonds Three major shapes of proteins: Primary: sequence of amino acids Secondary: 3-dimensional folds Tertiary: globs Quaternary: interactions between globs

Protein Structure Talk it over What do these pictures have to do with protein structure?

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