The Human Body Define Anatomy and Physiology Explain how anatomy and Physiology are related Pg. 1-21

Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy  the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and relationship to one another Physiology  the study of how the body and its parts work or function. Anatomy and Physiology are related because knowing the structure and shape of the body and its parts allows you to understand how the body functions

Levels of Structural Organization Gross Anatomy Large Structures Easily observable Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures Can only be viewed with a microscope

Integumentary System The external covering of the body, the skin Waterproofs body Cushions and protects the deeper tissue from injury Temperature, pressure, and pain receptors located here to alert us of bodies surface

Skeletal System Consists of bone, cartilages, ligaments, and joints Supports and protects the bodies organs Provides framework that the skeletal muscle uses to cause movement Stores minerals Site of blood cell formation

Muscular System One function  Contract or shorten – movement Maintains bodies posture Produces heat Formed by skeletal muscle Three Types of Muscle Smooth Skeletal Cardiac

Nervous System Fast acting control system Sends and receives messages Responds to irritants or stimuli internal or external Activates muscles and glands

Endocrine System Controls the bodies activities but more slowly then nervous system Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

Cardiovascular System Use blood as the transporting fluid pumped by the heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Waste

Lymphatic System Compliments the cardiovascular system Stores WBC Involved in immunity Disposes of debris, bacteria, tumor cells

Respiratory System Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide

Digestive System A tube from the mouth to the anus Break down food and deliver nutrients to the blood Eliminates indigestible material

Urinary System Removes the nitrogen containing waste from the blood Flushes waste out with urine Balance and regulate acid-base balance of blood Regulation of materials like water and electrolytes

Reproductive System

Necessary Life Functions 1. Maintain Boundaries 2. Movement *Locomotion *Movement of substances 3. Responsiveness *Ability to sense changes and react 4. Digestion *Break-down *Delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions 5. Metabolism *Production of energy *Making body structures 6. Excretion *Eliminate of waste from metabolic reaction 7. Reproduction *Production of future generation 8. Growth Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Water Temperature Pressure Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals Oxygen Required for chemical reactions Water 60-80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction Temperature Stable body temperature Pressure Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate Survival Needs

Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment A dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostasis must be maintained for a normal body functioning and to sustain life

Communication through neural and hormonal control system Receptor Responds to changes in the environment Sends information to control center Control Center Determines set points & analyzes information Determines appropriate response Effector Provides a means for response to the stimulus

Homeostatic Control System

Homeostatic Controls Negative Feedback Most of homeostatic controls Positive Feedback Mechanisms are rare in the body Increase the original disturbance (stimulus) and push variables further from original value Ex: Blood Clotting at the birth of the baby Negative Feedback Most of homeostatic controls Shut off original stimulus to reduce its intensity Ex: a home heating system connected to thermostat

Language of Anatomy Position Direction Regions Structures Special Terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for 

Orientation & Directional Terms Superior Inferior The forehead is SUPERIOR to the nose The navel is INFERIOR to the breastbone

Orientation & Directional Terms Posterior Anterior The heart is POSTERIOR to the breastbone The breastbone is ANTERIOR to the spine

Orientation & Directional Terms Medial Lateral The heart is medial to the arm The arms are lateral to the chest

Orientation & Directional Terms Superficial Intermediate The skin is SUPERFICIAL to the skeleton The collarbone is INTERMEDIATE between the breastbone and shoulder

Orientation & Directional Terms Proximal Distal The elbow is PROXIMAL to the wrist The knee is DISTAL to the thigh

Body Planes

Body Cavities ***Ventricle Cavity Dorsal Cavity

Abdominopelvic Regions Abdominopelvic Quadrants Abdominopelvic Major Organs

Body Landmarks

Body Landmarks

Video https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=KqgTE RrYbQ4