China since World War II From Revolutions to Reforms

Outline GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956) Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957) Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5) Great Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) “Reforms and opening up” (1978- )

Legacies of imperial China political philosophy of Confucius (551-479 B.C.) ordered hierarchy of harmonious relationships bureaucracy of scholar-officials political system of centralized imperial rule endured from 221 B.C. to 1911 A.D. The last dynasty: Qing (1644-1911) domestic rebellion and foreign encroachment replaced by the Republic of China in 1912

War of Resistance Against Japan (1937-1945)

GMD-CCP Civil War 1946-1949 GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party) Chiang Kai-shek (President) CCP: Chinese Communist Party Mao Zedong

People’s Republic of China 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing Chairman: Mao Zedong 5-Star Red Flag Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

Economic Reconstruction 1950s Soviet Union model and assistance land reform (eliminate landlord class) heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) First National People’s Congress (1954) PRC Constitution Zhou Enlai Premier Foreign Minister

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) abandon the Soviet model of economic development Soviet “scientific planning” mass mobilization people’s communes

Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) unrealistic output targets industry agricultural and human disaster

Growing Division (1962-1965) Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

Cultural Revolution (1966-76) Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Purge of party cadres Purge of intellectuals

Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) Purge of Liu Shaoqi & Deng Xiaoping 1966 - 1971: Lin Biao 1972 - 1976: Gang of Four

Diplomatic Achievements 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC) 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 Turning point in China’s postwar era “Gang of Four” were arrested End of the Cultural Revolution

Reforms and Opening up The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978 Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy economic modernization became focus US-PRC established diplomatic relationship in 1979

Deng Xiaoping Deng Xiaoping as the “general architect of reforms and opening up” (1978-1997) Deng handpicked 3 successive CCP General Secretaries Zhao Ziyang (1987-1989) Jiang Zemin (1989-2002) Hu Jintao (2002- ) economy “growing out of the plan”

Tian’anmen 1989 CCP General Secretary Zhao Ziyang (elite reformist) was removed from all positions Deng Xiaoping retired from day-to-day policy making

“socialist market economy” break the monopoly of state ownership 11 million private enterprises employ 113 million people at the end of 2012 41 million household enterprises employ 86 million people at the end of 2012 foreign-invested enterprises employ 12 million reforms of the state-owned enterprises transformation into joint-stock companies

Hong Kong On July 1, 1997, Britain returned Hong Kong to China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

China joined WTO in 2001 Expansion of trade and investment weed out inefficient state-owned enterprises further retreat of state from economy further divide urban-rural coastal-inland unemployment

Recent political changes Then CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin announced in 2001 that the Party would recruit private entrepreneurs in the 18th CCP National Congress in November 2012, Xi Jinping replaced Hu Jintao as the General Secretary of CCP in the 12th National People’s Congress in March 2013, Xi Jinping replaced Hu Jintao as the President of PRC