Bacteria and Virus Study Guide Review

1.Describe prokaryotes. Unicellular cells without a nucleus DNA is loose within the walls

2.What are the two kingdoms of bacteria, give an example of each & state if they are aerobic or anaerobic? Archeabacteria: thermophiles(heat-loving) & halophiles (salty-loving)-anaerobic Eubacteria: streptococcus-aerobic

3.Where do the two types of bacteria live? Archeabacteria(ancient bacteria)-Lives in extreme environments without oxygen (anaerobic). Thought to be ancestors of Eubacteria Eubacteria-“common” bacteria in body, food and can cause harmful destruction of cells

4.What are the three main shapes of bacteria? Describe each. -Spirilla-spiral -Bacilli-rod -Cocci-sphere

5.What are the three main pattern growths of bacteria? Describe each. -Strepto-chain -Staphylo-clusters -Diplo-paired

6. What are the types of gram staining results & what do they tell you about the cell Gram Negative-possess cell capsule and retain pink color Gram Positive-lacks cell capsule and retain blue color * Most bacteria are gram neg.

7.What are the main structures inside of the cell wall? DNA floating in the cytoplasm with ribosomes within the cell membrane

8.What is on the outside of the cell wall & briefly describe? Flagella (sometimes cilia)-movement Pili-transfer DNA to other bacteria Capsid/capsule-sticky outer layers that protects from white blood cells Antigen

9. What are the two types of bacterial reproduction? Describe each. -Binary fission-asexual and reproduces/divides into 2 identical cells -Conjugation-sexual and combines genetic material

10. What three things describe viruses? DNA or RNA with protein coat Reproduces in a host Changes over time

11. Are viruses living? No they require a host cell to reproduce Virus “tricks” cells into letting them in

12. What are viruses grouped by? Shapes RNA/DNA affected organisms

13. What are the two types of viruses 13. What are the two types of viruses? Describe and give an example of each. -Bacteriophage-DNA or RNA infects only bacteria-T4 -Retrovirus-RNA as its genetic material which can reverse transcriptase

14. What can the reverse transcriptase enzyme do? It can make DNA to make RNA

15. How does the virus get into the cell? • Viruses have & recognize RECEPTOR SITES on host cell-they “trick” the cell to let them in.

16. What are the two types of viral reproduction? Describe each. -Lytic Cycle-infects and kills/lyses host fast -Lysogenic Cycle-infects cell and hides in the DNA (dormant) until activated in which it begins the lytic cycle)

17.What type of virus is worse and why? Lysogenic because it can go undetected and spread throughout the body. Also it can be spread to others unknowingly.

18. What type of syndrome can HIV lead to and write it out? -A-acquired I-immune D-deficiency S-syndrome

19.What type of virus is HIV and why is it more difficult to make medications for? -retrovirus & Lysogenic and it mutates easily

20.How old are 50% of the people with HIV? -25 or younger

21.What system and more specifically what cells does HIV attack? -immune system-kills T-cells

22.What does HIV stand for? H-human I-immunodeficiency V-virus

23.What is a eukaryote pathogen (doesn’t fall into the animal, plant, or fungi categories)? Give an example. -protists Malaria

24.What can control the above? -drugs and vaccines

25.What is the #1 barrier from infection? -Skin - mucous membranes

26.What line of defense contains Lysosomes/enzymes that kill bacteria? -sweat Tears Mucus Saliva

27.What are the 5 ways to fight off a bacterial infection and briefly describe. -antibiotics: compounds that block growth and reproduction -sterilization: using high heat to kill pathogens -vaccination: made from “dead” or weakened pathogens to stimulate an immune response that will protect against future specific pathogens Macrophages: cells that attack at the infection site Antibodies: proteins in the body that block/destroy pathogens

28. Four of the previous bacteria controlling or preventative methods work for viruses. Which one does not work for viruses? What can help viruses that are not on the previous list? Antibiotics-doesn’t work on viruses Antivirals-can help