Dietary acid reduction with fruits and vegetables or bicarbonate attenuates kidney injury in patients with a moderately reduced glomerular filtration rate due to hypertensive nephropathy  Nimrit Goraya, Jan Simoni, Chanhee Jo, Donald E. Wesson  Kidney International  Volume 81, Issue 1, Pages 86-93 (January 2012) DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.313 Copyright © 2012 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Box plots of change of urine albumin (mg)-to-creatinine (g) ratio (Ualb) for the three groups of subjects with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >90ml/min (CKD 1) and eGFR 60–90ml/min (CKD 2). CKD, chronic kidney disease; F+V, subjects given fruits+vegetables for 30 days; HCO3, subjects given oral NaHCO3 daily for 30 days; Time Control, subjects followed up for 30 days with no further intervention. *P<0.05 versus Time Control; +P<0.05 versus HCO3. Kidney International 2012 81, 86-93DOI: (10.1038/ki.2011.313) Copyright © 2012 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Box plots of change of urine N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (U)-to-creatinine (g) ratio (UNAG) for the three groups of subjects with eGFR >90ml/min (CKD 1) and eGFR 60–90ml/min (CKD 2). CKD, chronic kidney disease; F+V, subjects given fruits+vegetables for 30 days; HCO3, subjects given oral NaHCO3 daily for 30 days; Time Control, subjects followed up for 30 days with no further intervention. *P<0.05 versus Time Control. Kidney International 2012 81, 86-93DOI: (10.1038/ki.2011.313) Copyright © 2012 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Box plots of change of urine transforming growth factor-β (ng)-to-creatinine (g) ratio (UTGF) for the three groups of subjects with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) >90ml/min (CKD 1) and eGFR 60–90ml/min (CKD 2). CKD, chronic kidney disease; F+V, subjects given fruits+vegetables for 30 days; HCO3, subjects given oral NaHCO3 daily for 30 days; Time Control, subjects followed up for 30 days with no further intervention. *P<0.05 versus Time Control. Kidney International 2012 81, 86-93DOI: (10.1038/ki.2011.313) Copyright © 2012 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Outline of the protocol to test the effect after 30 days on parameters of kidney injury of no intervention (Time Control), daily oral NaHCO3 at a concentration of 0.5 mEq/kg bw/day, or fruits+vegetables given in amounts designed to reduce dietary acid intake by 50%. Kidney International 2012 81, 86-93DOI: (10.1038/ki.2011.313) Copyright © 2012 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions