Rhetoric is Speaking or writing effectively Using words for a purpose; often this purpose is to persuade.

Purpose of Rhetorical Analysis To analyze arguments of others. To learn how to write your own arguments.

Aristotle taught there are 3 main strategies in an argument Logos Ethos Pathos

cartoonist/filmmaker/advertiser want the reader/listener/viewer to Rhetorical Chart The core of the rhetorical chart is purpose—What does the author/speaker cartoonist/filmmaker/advertiser want the reader/listener/viewer to Feel? Think? Do?

LOGOS-Logical Argument Involves facts or Research Quoted authorities Cause and Effect information Analogies or comparisons Common sense information Shared values Precedents

Pathos-Emotional Appeal Appeals to the heart, Emotions, Sympathy, Passions, Sentimentality, Uses imagery, figurative language, Carefully constructed sentences.

Ethos-Credibility Appeals to the conscience, ethics, morals, standards, values, and principles. Author or speaker tries to convince you he is of good character. Qualified to make his claims. Cites relevant authorities. Quotes others accurately and fairly.

Pathos-Emotions Look at the excerpt from an address by President George W. Bush to a joint session of Congress following the 9/11 attacks.

Read the passage and then apply the SOAPS S= subject O= occasion A= audience P= purpose S= syntax Identify the SOAPS in the margin on the right of the excerpt.

After you do the SOAPS, then answer the questions. How do you feel about being an American when you read this passage? How does the phrase “lighting of candles” express emotions? “lighting of candles” The word “lighting” suggests a feeling of …. Using the word “candles” Evokes a feeling of ….

Do the same thing with this phrase “giving of blood” This phrase creates a feeling of…. The words “giving blood” reminds me of…. In summary, discuss in two sentences the emotional appeal (pathos) expressed by Bush in his address to Congress. Use evidence from the excerpt to back-up your opinion.

For Example President Bush uses pathos to acknowledge the courageous act of Todd Beamer when “[he] rushed terrorists to save others on the ground….” In addition, President Bush points out the feelings of the American people toward their fellow Americans when he discusses the “unfurling of flags, the lighting of candles….” to show that America is united and will not let “terrorists” destroy the “strong…union.”

Logos Based on facts, statistics, research Read the excerpt from the Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech by Albert A. Gore, Jr.. The excerpt is about 8 minutes into his acceptance speech.

Analyze the logical appeal on your worksheet

Write a sentence that identifies the logical appeal and provides text evidence For example: Gore uses logical appeal to convince the reader that CO2 is a hazard to our environment and climate when he states that “CO2 is invisible, tasteless and odorless—which has helped keep the truth [hidden]….”

Ethical Appeal-Credibility, Authorities, Allusions, Experts Read the excerpt by Maya Angelou at the funeral service for Coretta Scott King.

Ethical Appeal Answer these questions: 1. How did reference to Dr. Martin Luther King provide credibility to Maya Angelou’s remarks? 2. If you didn’t know Maya Angelou was a world renowned speaker, how did her speech make it seem as such? Identify the evidence from the excerpt to support your opinions above.

Example-Ethos Insert your text where there are lines. Angelou emphasizes her relationship with Mrs. King, and therefore her qualifications to speak, by referring to herself and King as “______” and also as “a _____ ___ __ ________.” Through Angelou’s first person reference and racial affiliation, Angelou makes it clear that she is qualified to speak to others that cared about Mrs. King.

Example-Ethos Answers to paragraph. Angelou emphasizes her relationship with Mrs. King, and therefore her qualifications to speak, by referring to herself and King as “we” and also as “a sister-of-a-sister.” Through Angelou’s first person reference and reference to racial affiliation, Angelou makes it clear that she is qualified to speak to others that cared about Mrs. King because they were friends.

Write your own paragraph Choose one of the excerpts Identify 2 appeals that are used Record them on the chart Find text evidence to show the use of the appeal, record it on the chart On the chart, explain how it supports the appeal Using your findings above, follow the template to write your paragraph.