The Enlightenment and the Age of Reason 1750-1800

What is Enlightenment or The Age of Reason? a period in the 18th century noted for belief in the ability of reason to discover truth, shape society, and shed “light” onto the darkness of ignorance, superstition, injustice, and tyranny

What are some beliefs concerning Enlightenment or The Age of Reason? People could discover the truth about the meaning of life by “REASON” alone. The natural world, human nature, and social institutions are governed by universal laws All men are created equal and are endowed with certain natural rights Governments exist only by the consent of the governed, who are justified in rebelling if their natural rights are violated JUST SAY NO TO MONARCHY!

more beliefs . . . Enlightenment thinkers de-emphasized “grace” and “pre-destination” in favor of “moral choice” and scientific inquiry. Man can deduce the existence of a supreme being from the fact that the universe exists rather than because of what the Bible says. (Deism) Deists also thought that a harmonious universe proves the beneficence of God. This was in direct contrast to Puritanism

America and The Age of Reason Many Americans expressed their thoughts and feelings in newspapers of the time (use of pamphlets) They wrote poems, songs, essays on the issues of the day –mainly about the problems with the British government These essays, poems, etc. were printed up in “broadsides” –sheets of paper covered with these anonymous writings, which were then tacked up around the city. This was one way that the idea of the Revolution was spread in America during the 1770’s.

Rhetorical Strategies Logical appeals (LOGOS) are meant to appeal to the audience’s mind; consist of reasons and evidence. Emotional appeals (PATHOS) are meant to appeal to the audience’s feelings; often presented with strong, connotative language. Ethical appeals (ETHOS) establish the character and credibility of the spaker/author.

Texts to study: Benjamin Franklin: Autobiography, Poor Richard’s Almanac Pages 167 & 171 Patrick Henry: “Speech to the Virginia Convention” Page 122 Thomas Paine: The Crisis, No.1; Page 132