Adapted from The Language of Composition Modes of Development Adapted from The Language of Composition

Narration Telling a story or recounting a series of events Usually governed by chronology and includes concrete detail, a point of view, and sometimes dialogue. Narration is not simply crafting an appealing story; it is crafting a story that supports your thesis. Writers often begin a topic with narration (anecdote) to draw in the reader.

Description Related to narration, but unlike it, description emphasizes the senses by painting a picture of how something looks, sounds, smells, feels, and/or tastes. Rarely is an entire essay descriptive, but clear and vivid description enhances persuasion or other types of writing.

Process Analysis Explains how something works, how to do something, or how something was done. Key is clarity; it’s important to explain a subject clearly and logically, including transitions that mark the sequence of major steps, stages, or phases.

Exemplification Provides a series of examples to turn a general idea into a concrete one. A writer might use one extended example or a series of related ones to illustrate a point. Induction – using a series of examples to lead to a general conclusion.

Comparison & Contrast Juxtaposing two ideas, items, etc. to highlight similarities and differences. Can be organized in two ways: subject-by-subject or point by point. In subject-by-subject, the writer discusses all elements of one subject before turning to the other. In point-by-point, the writer organizes around specific points of discussion.

Classification and Division Sorting material or ideas into major categories Writers sometimes use this to break down a larger idea or concept into parts

Definition To ensure writers and audiences are “on the same page,” so to speak, definition may lay the foundation to establish common ground or identify areas of conflict. Defining a term is often the first step in a debate or disagreement. Sometimes definition may be used to clarify terms. Some entire essays may be used to define something.

Cause & Effect Analyzing causes that lead to certain effects OR the effects that result from a cause. Can be a powerful foundation for an argument. Careful consideration of causes/effects is necessary. You don’t want to jump to the conclusion that there is only one cause or one result, nor do you want to mistake an effect for an underlying cause.