Warmup Which substance takes longer to heat up? Which substance takes longer to cool down? What did you think about the lab yesterday? Please TURN IN your lab from yesterday. Thanks!

2.3.2a Water Cycle, Surface Water, and Ground Water

Water Cycle Water is EVERYWHERE About 97.2 % is in the oceans About 2.15 % is in glaciers and ice sheets About 0.65 % is freshwater in lakes, streams, groundwater, and the atmosphere Water constantly moves among the oceans, the atmosphere, the solid Earth, and the biosphere. This unending circulation of Earth’s water supply is the water cycle.

Water Cycle How much of our planets water is fresh? How does that affect life on our planet?

Processes involved in the Water Cycle Precipitation – water falling to Earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail Evaporation – water from Earth is changed to gaseous state and enters the atmosphere Infiltration – the movement of surface water into rock or soil through cracks and pore spaces

Processes involved in the Water Cycle Run-off – excess water that does not permeate into the land and flows over the surface instead. Transpiration – the release of water into the atmosphere from plants through the ground.

Water Cycle Balance in the water cycle means the average annual precipitation over Earth equals the amount of water that evaporates.

What’s the difference between evaporation and transpiration?

Processes involved in the Water Cycle Not in notes, just know REALIZE: Running water starts as precipitation and either infiltrates the surface to flow under ground, or becomes runoff and creates streams and rivers

Water Beneath the Surface Distribution and Movement of Water Underground

Groundwater Much of the water in soil seeps downward until it reaches the zone of saturation. The zone of saturation is the area where water fills all of the open spaces in sediment and rock. Groundwater is the water within this zone. The water table is the upper level of the saturation zone of groundwater.

Groundwater Movement Groundwater moves by twisting and turning through interconnected small openings. The groundwater moves more slowly when the pore spaces are smaller. http://techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module01/Infiltration2.html

Groundwater The movement of water through the ground depends on 2 factors Porosity: The percentage of pore spaces Determines how much water can be stored Permeability: The ability to transmit water through interconnected pore spaces

What is the difference between the zone of saturation and the zone of aeration? Why is the well labeled A a successful well whereas the well labeled B is unsuccessful? Groundwater

Groundwater Wells that are drilled into the zone of saturation are successful Wells drilled into the zone of aeration (aka not deep enough) are not successful Over-pumping a well can create a cone of depression

Groundwater

Aquifers An aquifer is underground soil and/or rock through which water can easily move. Groundwater is stored in aquifers

Aquifers Unconfined aquifer Confined aquifer Has no barrier between its top layer and the surface of the ground Water level rises and drops in response to precipitation infiltrating directly above Confined aquifer Sandwiched between two largely impenetrable layers (clay, shale, etc) Recharges more slowly due to limited number of places through which rainfall can enter

Aquifers of NC

Activity: Get the Ground Water Picture The horizontal scale of the cross section is 1in=50miles. The vertical scale is 1in=50ft. How many miles are horizontally represented in the cross section? How many feet are vertically represented in the cross section? How many feet below the surface is the water table? What zone is above the water table? Through which layers would a drop of water move the fastest? The slowest? At which layer would a drop’s movement be restricted? Explain.

Brownie Ticket Which of the following is a measure of a material’s ability to transmit fluids through interconnected spaces? Capacity Competence Porosity Permeability

Warm Up 11/10 1. Analyze how climate affects the way the earth is shaped by erosive forces. a. What is the best climate for chemical weathering and why? b. In what climate is soil formation the greatest? c. What are mass movements? d. How is climate related to mass movements? (HINT: when is there the greatest threat of mass movements?) e. Name three ways a stream’s discharge could be changed based on the climate. 2. Compare and Contrast Slides and Slumps a. What do they have in common? b. How are the different?