Fighting Continues New York - July 1776: Gen. Howe (British) sent 10,000 troops to NYC * known as the Battle of Long Island * British won * this forced George Washington to flee to Pennsylvania New Jersey - December 1776: Washington attacked the British on Christmas Day * crossed the Delaware River to surprise the British in Trenton * it worked (Americans won ) * also won at Princeton, NJ (Jan. 1777) Three Part Plan - British planned to attack from 3 areas * move south from Canada * move east from Oswego, NY * move north from NYC

Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851) – Emanuel Luetze This is considered the most famous painting of the American Revolution.

they would meet up in Albany, NY - Gen * they would meet up in Albany, NY - Gen. Howe abandoned the plan and decided to take Philadelphia * this forced Washington to retreat to Valley Forge, PA Battle of Saratoga - October 1777: American troops surrounded British and forced them to surrender * proved that the colonial militia and Continental Army were stronger than the British thought * boosted American morale * convinced France, Spain to offer assistance * considered the turning point of the war - Feb. 1778: agreement with France * granted US open trade with all French possessions * recognized US independence * promised to help them fight against British - this causes England to declare war on France - Spain, Netherlands also commit to helping US (Spain declares war on Britain in 1779)

The March to Valley Forge – William Trego One of the most iconic paintings of the American Revolution, representing the struggles, and perseverance, of Washington and his Continental soldiers.

Consequences of Southern Campaign The Southern (last) phase of the war was very different from the others The British attempted to generate support within the colonies – undermine Patriot efforts by using Loyalist forces. They thought that Loyalist strength was in the South, so this is where they focused their efforts They underestimated Patriot support and their plan was a failure Historians argue that it is this phase of the war that makes the revolution truly “revolutionary”: Introduced guerilla combat Mobilized and politicized large groups of previously disengaged citizens Support for independence greatly increased

- This southern phase forced Cornwallis to retreat to Yorktown, VA Yorktown - French forces arrived to help the Americans and bombarded the British for over one month - British surrendered to the Americans Oct. 17, 1781 (Cornwallis sent a deputy to do this – claimed he was “ill”) General Benjamin Lincoln accepted the British surrender at Yorktown as Washington looked on in this classic painting by John Trumbull.

Treaty of Paris 1783 - Ben Franklin, John Adams and John Jay were sent to Britain in April 1782 to negotiate with the British * French wanted to divide up colonies and give half to England * US said no and claimed all 13 colonies AND Canada were free * British agreed to the independence of the colonies and gave the US fishing rights off the coast of Canada, permitted creditors to collect pre-war and wartime debts, and promised to withdraw all British troops from the frontier The negotiations that led to the Treaty of Paris which ended the Revolutionary War, were long, contentious and complicated, involving not merely the peace treaty between Great Britain and the United States, but also separate treaties between Great Britain and France, Spain and the Netherlands.

- Florida was returned to the Spanish - the treaty was signed September 3, 1783 Reasons for Victory - leadership skills of George Washington * Continental Army became better trained and more disciplined by the end of the war - American civilians were willing to make sacrifices for victory - Colonies worked together to create new governments (state, national) - France and Spain sent troops, money Why might the editor claimed “the world is turned upside down”?