1914-1918: The World at War

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

Europe in 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

Recruitment Posters

A Multi-Front War

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

Americans in the Trenches

Sacrifices in War

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

Russia Leaves the War How does it all end? Meanwhile, the Russian revolution occurs in 1917. Communist Russia, under Lenin and the Bolsheviks, pulls out of the fighting. Germany is elated! They must only fight on one side now. Thankfully, this coincides with Americans entry to the war, so troop levels remain even.

The war ends. Finally. The Americans, as the fresh troops, continue to fight, fight , fight. They push through the Argonne Forest, where 120,000 of our men die. Eventually, it is not weapons, but starvation, that prompts the Central Powers demise. As their people begin rioting, the Central Powers give in one by one. On November 11, 1918, the Armistice is signed, signaling the end of fighting.

The Russian Revolution 

Pre-Revolutionary Russia Only true autocracy left in Europe No type of representative political institutions Nicholas II became tsar in 1889

Alexandra: The Power Behind the Throne Even more blindly committed to autocracy than her husband She was under the influence of Rasputin Scandals surrounding Rasputin served to discredit the monarchy

Alexis: Alexandra’s Son with Hemophilia

The Two Revolutions of 1917 The March Revolution (March 12) The November Revolution (November 6)

The March Revolution Origins: Food riots/strikes Duma declared itself a Provisional Government on March12 Tsar ordered soldiers to intervene; instead they joined the rebellion…the Tsar thus abdicated on March 17

Founder of Bolshevism: Vladimir Lenin His Early Years --Exiled to Siberia in 1897 Committed to Class Struggle and Revolution Moved to London in 1902 and befriended Leon Trotsky What is to be Done?

Lenin Steps into This Vacuum A tremendously charismatic personality “Peace, Land, Bread” “All Power to the Soviets” He preached that the war was a capitalist/imperialist war that offered no rewards for the peasants/workers Bolshevik party membership exploded; their power was consolidated

November Revolution Civil War followed, 1917-1920 “Reds” versus “Whites” Complete breakdown of Russian economy and society

The November Revolution The coup was planned by Leon Trotsky, who had Lenin’s blessing All private property was abolished and divided among the peasantry Largest industrial enterprises nationalized

November Revolution (cont) Political Police organized: CHEKA Revolutionary army created with Trotsky in charge = “Red Army” Bolshevik Party renamed Communist Party in March of 1918

Interpreting the Russian Revolution Lenin allows for some capitalism to keep starvation away Lenin has a stroke Both Trotsky and Stalin want ultimate power Lenin’s letter People die…who?

The Versailles Treaty

The Great Depression

France – False Sense of Security? The Maginot Line