Compare the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves (4) June 2011 Outline the characteristics of a destructive wave – use a diagram in your answer (4) Jan 11

1. ______________________ This is the pressure of the water being thrown against the cliffs by the wave. When water is pushed into cracks in rocks, it also pushes air inside the crack causing even more pressure. This means tiny fragments of rock may be broken off and removed by the sea. 2. ____________________ Sand, pebbles and rocks are carried by waves. They may be thrown against the base of the cliff with considerable force. This force breaks off rock at the bottom of the cliff. This material may then be thrown against the cliff causing even more erosion. 3. _____________________________ Salt and acids carried by the sea may react with some rocks on the cliff. This causes the rock to dissolve and be eroded. At the base of limestone cliffs the water may be milky coloured due to the dissolved lime 4. ________________________ This is when the rocks which are carried by the sea are worn down and smoothed. As the waves move in and out, pebbles knock into each other and are broken down, eventually forming sand Weathering: What is it? How does it effect the coast Biological Chemical Physical Mass movement: Soil creep:

Jan 2011 June 2013

Jan 2012

June 2010

Longshore Drift Annotate this diagram to explain the process of longshore drift: Landform How is it formed? Beech: Spits: Bars:

Explain the factors affecting the rate of coastal recession: (4) Explain how variations in the length of fetch and the geology might increase the rate of coastal recession: (4) Outline how geology effects the rate of recession: (3)

6 mark question January 2011 & June 2013!! Case study location People Environment North Norfolk Coast Happisburg Westward Ho Explain how coastal recession affects people and the environment Use examples in your answer (6) June 2013

Hard engineering techniques: Annotate the two stars with different techniques and their advantages and disadvantages: Hard engineering techniques: Soft engineering techniques:

Categorise your information into... Prediction Forecasting Prevention The Met Office advise householders to be proactive and either ring a flood hotline or go onto the environment agency website to check the likelihood of a flood in their area www.direct.gov.uk offers general advise about how to protect homes from flooding and what to do it a flood actually happens. There is specific information about coastal flooding An effective warning system from the government helps to prevent the effects of flooding Any houses built need planning permission from the local council. It is not granted in flood risk areas until an assessment is carried out. DEFRA (the dept. for environment, food and rural affairs) has the responsibility for deciding which areas of the coastline will be defended against the risk of flooding. On the environment agency website there will be information which shows the likelihood of a flood. There are four grading's: flood watch, warning, severe or all clear. DEFRA provide money for most of the defence work to be completed and the environment agency organise the defences to be built and maintained The government run other websites like www.direct.gov.uk that give advise to the public who live in flood prone areas Each grading that has been given comes with an explanation about how people should react. The Met Office predicts the likelihood of a coastal flood and gives information to the public through weather forecasts, and news on the TV The Environment Agency monitors sea condition overs a 24 hour period. 365 days a year Categorise your information into... Prediction Forecasting Prevention Planning Building design The Thames Barrier is the world's second-largest movable flood barrier (and is located downstream of central London. It opened in1982 and prevents flooding during high tides from the North Sea. It is closed during high tide; at low tide it can be opened to increase the river's flow towards the sea The Storm Tide Forecasting Service provides the Environment Agency with forecast of coastal flooding which can then be communicated to the public through the website or phone line In 2010 the government changed planning laws so that all new housing built in flood risk areas must be flood resistant or resilient.

6 mark question June 2011 January 2012 Explain how costal flooding can be reduced through planning and forecasting: (4) Explain how costal flooding are reduced : (6) 6 mark question June 2011 January 2012 Explain how costal flooding can be reduced through prediction and prevention: (6) Explain how building design and planning can reduce the effects of coastal flooding: (4)

6 mark question June 2010, June 2012 & January 2013 Groynes & Breakwaters Sea walls Regraded cliffs