Monday, December 11 Today’s topic: Pseudotherapies and Presentations Upcoming Dates: Homework: Read about schizophrenia (pages 589-596) Biomedical Therapy sheet due Wednesday Assessments: Presentations Test Friday From the reading and your research, what would be the best therapy approach to your assigned disorder?

Tuesday, December 12 Compared with your assigned disorder and the other disorders presented thus far, what are the similarities and differences between some of the disorders in the following areas (think about these things during the presentations): Symptoms Causes Treatments Statistics Today’s topic: Pseudotherapies, alternate therapy and presentations Upcoming Dates: Homework: You should have read up to page 596 in chapter 12 Tonight, read about Personality Disorders (pages 596-600) Tonight, read pages 628-638 and complete Biomedical Therapy sheet by tomorrow Assessments: Presentations Test Friday

Evaluating Pseudotherapies As critical thinkers, exploring and evaluating pseudotherapies requires a scientific attitude -- being skeptical but not cynical, and open to surprise but not gullible.

Pseudotherapies Every therapy, based on testimonials, will seem effective for some Placebo effect? Regression toward the mean? For many pseudotherapies, no scientific evidence about the effectiveness exists, because their proponents do conducted controlled experiments or the results are unreliable. Hypnotherapists Spiritualists Anger-release therapists Reflexologists Aromatherapists Colonic irrigationists Mind-body therapists Massage therapy Herbal medicines

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) A therapist attempts to unlock and reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories by waving a finger in front of the eyes of a person imagining a traumatic scene. EMDR has its believers and also its critics Combination of exposure therapy and the placebo effect? EMDR Session

Light Exposure Therapy Light exposure therapy – exposure to daily timed doses of light that mimics outdoor light. Seasonal affective disorder – (SAD) a form of depression linked to periods of decreased sunlight. Light comes out of manufactured light boxes that can be bought or rented from health supply and lighting stores. Research and controlled experiments suggest that light exposure therapy diminishes symptoms associated with SAD.

Wednesday, December 13 What are the biggest symptoms of schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is one of the most heavily researched disorders. What have they found to be the causes? Most medications have side effects. How does this impact the person diagnosed with a disorder that is prescribed some medications? Today’s topic: Presentations Upcoming Dates: Homework: You should have read all of chapter 12 and 13 by today Review infographics, note sheets and crash course videos Read pages 411-419 (Developmental Psychology) Terms due Friday Assessments: Test Friday

2007 FRQ Often misunderstood, schizophrenia is a psychological disorder affecting one percent of the population. In addition to treating the disorder, psychologists work to identify its nature and origins. Identify two symptoms used to diagnose schizophrenia. Discuss a research finding that supports a genetic basis for schizophrenia . What is the dopamine hypothesis regarding the origins of schizophrenia? Describe how medications used to treat schizophrenia affect the actions of neurotransmitters at the synapses. Identify a risk inherent in using medications in the treatment of schizophrenia. People sometimes confuse schizophrenia with dissociative identity disorder (DID). Identify two key characteristics that differentiate DID from schizophrenia.

The Biomedical Therapies “Medicine, the only profession that labors incessantly to destroy the reason for its existence,” - James Bryce

Biomedical Therapies Physically change the brain’s functioning… Altering its chemistry with drugs Overloading its circuits with electroconvulsive shock Using magnetic impulses to stimulate or dampen activity Altering its circuits through psychosurgery

Psychopharmacology The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. Led to more independent lives for sufferers of psychological disorders Reduced hospitalization of many people To evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs, researchers use the double-blind experimental technique to reduce researcher bias.

Antipsychotic Drugs Lessen responsiveness to irrelevant stimuli by blocking dopamine receptors helpful in treating schizophrenia’s positive symptoms, 1st generation – targeted D2 receptors Tardive dykenesia - involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs Thorazine New generation – targets D1 receptors Seem to increase the risk of obesity and diabetes Clozapine, Risperdal, Zyprexa

Antianxiety Drugs Depress central nervous system activity Can help a person learn to cope with frightening situations and fear-triggering stimuli. Can be used as a crutch, without actually solving the root of the anxiety. Users can become tolerant, addicted, and dependent on the medication. Xanax, Ativan

Antidepressant Drugs Increases the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin that elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression. Selective-serotonin-reuptake-inhibitors (SSRIs)– slow or block the reabsorption or reuptake of serotonin The full effect takes 4 weeks Suicide rates are lower for those taking antidepressant in the long-run but are concerning for those initially taking antidepressants Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil

Mood Stabilizing Drugs Lithium – bipolar disorder Unclear how it stabilizes moods.

Brain Stimulation Electroconvulsive therapy - for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient Past stigma still follows ECT Patients receive a general anesthetic and a muscle relaxant to prevent injury from convulsions. The patient awakens with no recollection of the treatment or the hours preceding it.

ECT No one knows for sure why ECT works. Usage is limited to severe depression that does not respond to drug therapies. No one knows for sure why ECT works. May calm the brain centers that produce over activity that cause depression?

Brain Stimulation Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) – the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. Penetrates only to brain’s surface Painless Wide-awake patients for 20-30 minutes for 2-4 weeks No seizures, memory loss, or other side effects

Psychosurgery Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. Effects are irreversible – most drastic and least-used biomedical treatment Lobotomy – a now-rare psychosurgical procedure that cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain. Developed in the 1930s Shock the patient into a coma Hammer an icepicklike instrument through each eye socket into the brain, then wiggle it to sever connections running up to the frontal lobes.

Lobotomies Crude but easy and inexpensive (10 minutes) Tens of thousands of severely disturbed people were lobotomized during the 1940s- 50s The lobotomy usually produced a permanently lethargic, immature, impulsive personality. In the 1950s, calming drugs were introduced and lobotomized fell out of favor in the US. Other early therapies

It’s Friday! January 6 Today’s topic: Upcoming Dates: Biomedical Therapy (Medication) Upcoming Dates: Homework: Read and Review! You should have read all of chapters 12 and 13 by today Assessments: Test Monday, 1/9 If there is a delay, we will still have the test Monday If there is no school Monday, it will be Tuesday Retest day Wednesday, 1/11 What are any similarities and differences that you have seen so far with the types of medicines used to treat people with different disorders? Most medications have side effects. How does this impact the person diagnosed with a disorder that is prescribed some medications?