TOPIC: Locomotion Aim: Explain the structure and functions of the 3 types of muscles. Do Now: Take out the Reflex Arc ISA HW: Castle Learning Nervous and Endocrine Systems due Tuesday!

1. What kind of response is a reflex? It is a fast automatic response to a stimulus without involving the brain. 2. Identify the structures involved in a reflex arc. Receptor Sensory neuron Interneuron Motor neuron Effector (Interneuron)

3. Why does the impulse NOT travel to the brain during a reflex? The response would occur at a much faster rate. 4. Which divisions of the nervous system are involved in a reflex? CNS and PNS CNS (Interneuron) PNS PNS PNS PNS

Identify all glands labeled in the diagram. Pituitary gland Parathyroid gland Thyroid gland Adrenal glands Pancreas Ovaries

Identify the purple structures in the diagram. Explain their function.

Did you know……………. You have over 30 facial muscles which create looks like surprise, happiness, sadness, and frowning. Eye muscles are the busiest muscles in the body. Scientists estimate they may move more than 100,000 times a day! The largest muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus muscle in the buttocks.

Identify the three types of muscles. Skeletal Cardiac Smooth

What are muscle fibers able to do? They can CONTRACT (shorten)

Skeletal Muscle Attached to bones

Voluntary

Striated (striped) Identify the two proteins that create the striated appearance.

A cramp is defined as an involuntary, forcibly contracted muscle that does not relax. The pain can be abrupt and intense with visible hardening or a knot when its contracted.

The most common sites of muscle cramps seem to be the calf, thigh and arch of the foot. There are different theories on the cause of muscle cramps, but the exact reason why a cramp develops is uncertain. It is generally agreed that an over firing of the nerves that stimulate the muscles are the primary cause of “true” cramps.

Factors that may lead to muscle cramping include muscle fatigue, lack of flexibility, exercising in the heat and imbalances of the electrolytes in the blood. A diet lacking in minerals such as potassium, calcium and magnesium also may contribute to spasms and cramps. Vigorous exercise and repetitive movements can result in cramping during the activity or even much later. An injury or sudden blunt trauma to the muscle, such as getting hit with a baseball, can cause a persistent muscle spasm. Holding a position for a prolonged time can cause muscle fatigue and cramping. Muscle cramps may occur at rest or during the night when the muscle is shortened by sleeping in an awkward position. Simply lying with the toe pointed downward can cause shortening of and a cramp in the calf muscle

Pectoralis muscles - found on each side of your upper chest

Rectus abdominus muscles: (abdominals) found on each side of your upper chest

Biceps – muscle in your arm

Quadriceps (quads)– on the front of your thighs

Gluteus maximus – muscle that's under the skin and fat in your behind

Inside some organs Smooth Muscle Stomach Intestines Trachea Blood vessels Smooth Muscle

Involuntary

Non-striated (no stripes) Not as long as skeletal muscles

ONLY in the HEART Involuntary Cardiac Muscle

Striated Branched shape

What supplies energy for muscle contraction? Glucose is used to make ATP

+ Glucose Oxygen + + Energy Carbon Dioxide Water

Identify what controls muscle contraction. Nervous system

Identify substance A. Support your answer. Which part of the neuron release substance A? What does substance A attach to on the next neuron?

Nervous System Review What is the difference between a receptor and an effector? What is an example of a receptor? An effector? What are the two divisions of the nervous system? Which division is made up of the brain and spinal cord? Which division is made up of all the nerves that extend from the spinal cord?

Let’s summarize… Identify the 3 types of muscles. Describe where each type of muscle is located. Describe whether each type of muscle is involuntary or involuntary. Describe whether each type of muscle is striated or non-striated.

Review: Identify the muscle being described. Involuntary Striated Found in the heart Lines internal organs Voluntary Branched fibers Attached to bones

MUSCLES TYPES

A B C D E F