The Nature of Matter

Standard S8P1. Students will examine the scientific view of the nature of matter. Distinguish between atoms and molecules. Describe the difference between pure substances (elements and compounds) and mixtures.    Describe the movement of particles in solids, liquids, gases, and plasmas states.   Distinguish between physical and chemical properties of matter as physical (i.e., density, melting point, boiling point) or chemical (i.e., reactivity, combustibility). Distinguish between changes in matter as physical (i.e., physical change) or chemical (development of a gas, formation of precipitate, and change in color). Recognize that there are more than 100 elements and some have similar properties as shown on the Periodic Table of Elements. Identify and demonstrate the Law of Conservation of Matter.

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Solids are usually hard because their molecules have been packed together. The closer the molecules are, the harder the solid is. Solids hold their own shape. Liquids will fill up the shape of a container. Water is a liquid. Your blood is a liquid. Liquids are an in-between state of matter. They can be found in between the solid and gas states. Gases can fill a container of any size or shape. gases are really spread out and the atoms and molecules are full of energy. They are bouncing around constantly. Plasmas are made up of free electrons and ions of the element. You see plasma when you look at stars. Stars are big balls of gases at really high temperatures. No matter what shape you make the balloon it will be evenly filled with the gas atoms. The atoms and molecules are spread equally throughout the entire balloon. Liquids can only fill the bottom of the container while gases can fill it entirely. Think about a fluorescent light bulb. They are not like regular light bulbs. Inside the long tube is a gas. Electricity flows through the tube when the light is turned on. The electricity acts as that special energy and charges up the gas. This charging and exciting of the atoms creates glowing plasma inside the bulb. Another example of plasma is a neon sign. Just like a fluorescent light, neon signs are glass tubes filled with gas. When the light is turned on, the electricity flows through the tube. The electricity charges the gas, possibly neon, and creates plasma inside of the tube. The plasma glows a special color depending on what kind of gas is inside. Lightening is also a form of plasma

Plasma is not a gas, liquid, or solid - it is the fourth state of matter. Plasma often behaves like a gas, except that it conducts electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. On an astronomical scale, plasma is common. The Sun is composed of plasma, fire is plasma, fluorescent and neon lights contain plasma. At least 85% of the universe is made up of plasma. handle-shaped cloud of plasma erupts from the Sun

Physical changes between the states of matter can be produced by heating and cooling.

Description of Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes. Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gas Sublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates. http://www.explorelearning.com/index.cfm?method=cResource.dspDetail&ResourceID=30

Let’s take a closer look with water. Once the ice has melted you have liquid water. (1-99°C) If you heat the water more it becomes steam, a gas. (0°C) When water is frozen it is ice, a solid. (0°C) When ice is melting, it is heating up. Melted ice is a liquid. LOW TEMPERATURE HIGH

Lab 1: Melting Crayon A crayon is melted and the results are observed This activity may be conducted in various ways Crayon shavings can be melted using aluminum foil and a tea light A whole crayon can be melted using a pan and a Bunsen burner or a portable electric burner By applying heat, the crayon goes from a solid to a liquid. Once the heat is removed or cooling is applied it returns to its original state, but not to its original shape.

Lab 2: Identify that state of matter! Students must identify the state of matter in the mystery object This activity could also be done in various ways Shaving cream Cornstarch and water

Lab 3: The Plasma Experiment The students learn about plasma and experiment with the plasma globe Materials Plasma Globe Fluorescent bulb

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Sometimes vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

As more heat is applied, the atoms start to vibrate As more heat is applied, the atoms start to vibrate. The vibration increases as more heat is added to the system. Vibration turns into free movement as the heat gets higher and higher. When more heat is applied, the gas may be ionized: an electron will gain enough energy to escape its atom. This atom is left one electron short and now has a net positive charge; now it is called an ion. In a sufficiently heated gas, ionization happens many times, creating clouds of free electrons and ions; however, not all the atoms are necessarily ionized, and some may remain completely intact with no net charge. This ionized gas mixture, consisting of ions, electrons, and neutral atoms, is called plasma.

Nothing. It just changes states Nothing! It just changes states. The amount of matter does not change as a substance is heated or cooled. This is called the conservation of matter. Matter is conserved or saved. It doesn’t disappear. Let’s think back to our past experiments. Did the crayon disappear after it was melted and cooled?

Lab 4: Conservation of Matter Students will learn that matter is conserved as it goes through physical changes. Materials Mass balance Styrofoam plate Ice cube

References and Links http://www.dac.neu.edu/physics/b.maheswaran/phy1121/data/ch04/anim/anim0402.htm (animations) http://www.harcourtschool.com/activity/states_of_matter/molecules.swf (flash) http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_plasma.html http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_gas.html http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_liquid.html http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_solid.html http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_changes.html http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html http://id.mind.net/~zona/mstm/physics/mechanics/energy/heatAndTemperature/changesOfPhase/changeOfState.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/scienceclips/ages/9_10/changing_state.shtml