BREATHING AND RESPIRATION

The breathing system involves taking in O2 from the air and releasing Co2 and water vapour back into the air. The O2 combines with the food we eat to give us energy in a process called respiration. The carbon dioxide and water vapour that we breathe out are waste products of this energy production

WHAT IS THE BREATHING SYSTEM? The nose and mouth take in the air. The trachea carries the air towards the lungs Nose and mouth The bronchus carries the air into each lung The bronchioles are thin tubes which carry air within the lungs Trachea Bronchus The alveoli are surrounded by blood vessels. O2 and Co2 are exchanged here. Bronchioles Alveoli

The functions of the main parts of the Breathing System Nose Inhales air Larynx Contains the vocal cords that allow speak Trachea Made of Cartilage and allows air to pass to and from the lungs Bronchus Takes the air to and from each lung Bronchiole Carries the air to the alveoli Alveolus Exchanges the gases Oxygen IN and Carbon Dioxide OUT of the bloodstream Diaphragm A muscle that moves air in or out of the lungs ( in conjunction with intercostal muscles of the ribcage)

The Nose We breath through our nose. Mucous and hairs in the nose trap dirt and bacteria Air is warmed as it passes through the nose, this helps oxygen pass from the lungs into the bloodstream.

Trachea (windpipe) Air travels through the trachea (or windpipe) as it passes in and out of your lungs.

Rings of Cartilage The trachea is surrounded by several “c-shaped ” rings of a tough material called cartilage. The cartilage strengthens the trachea so that it doesn’t collapse easily. Rings of Cartilage

The Larynx The larynx (or voice box) is the upper part of the trachea. The larynx is used to make sounds. Larynx

Bronchus and bronchioles Near the lungs, the trachea splits into two major branches. Each one of these branches is known as a bronchus. The bronchi carry air into the lungs.

Alveolus Each lung contains millions of tiny air sacs called alveoli. Each have a thin lining and are surrounded by many tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Gas exchange occurs here

HOW GASEOUS EXCHANGE OCCURS The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide gases is known as gaseous exchange and this takes place in the lungs. HOW GASEOUS EXCHANGE OCCURS The O2 we breathe in diffuses across the wall of the alveolus into the blood. CO2 and water vapour which is a product of respiration diffuses into the alveoli from the blood where we breathe it out.

The diaphragm The Diaphragm is a sheet of muscle at the base of the chest cavity. The diaphragm causes air to move into or out of our lungs

WHAT HAPPENS THE O2 ONCE IT ENTERS THE BLOOD? The O2 travels through the blood to all the cells of the body. Here it combines with the food we eat to make energy. We call this process respiration.

Respiration is the release of energy from food

Respiration is not the same as breathing!!!!

There are two types of RESPIRATION Aerobic Anaerobic

Aerobic Respiration is the release of energy from food using oxygen

To allow aerobic respiration to occur - glucose is carried to all the cells of the body by the blood - oxygen is carried from the lungs to all the cells of the body Each living cell glucose combines with oxygen to release energy Glucose Energy + Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Water Vapour

What is this Molecule? C6 H12 O6 Answer: Glucose

RESPIRATION

Example: Sugars into Alcohol Anaerobic Respiration is the release of energy from food without oxygen Example: Sugars into Alcohol

EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE BREATHING SYSTEM Tobacco smoke irritates and damages the linings of the bronchioles Smoking can reduce the resistance of the lungs to certain diseases such as bronchitis and lung cancer. Smoking during pregnancy reduces the O2 available to the growing baby. This can cause the stunted growth of the baby. Carbon monoxide gas in cigarette smoke prevents the blood from carrying O2 properly, this can cause heart strain.

STILL NOT CONVINCED? Healthy lung Smokers lung

How does air enter and leave the lungs? Diaphragm and intercostals muscles contract, pulling the ribcage down. The ribcage is attached to the lungs and as a result the volume in the lungs increases causing the pressure to decrease. Hence air is taken in to balance the pressures when the mouth (or nasal passage) is open. In order to exhale, the diaphragm relaxes, pushing the ribcage up, reducing the volume of the lungs therefore increasing the pressure, so if the mouth is open air will escape.

HOW OTHER ANIMALS BREATHE Not all animals use lungs for gaseous exchange. Fish have special organs called gills which absorb the dissolved O2 in the water Insects have holes in their outer skeleton called spiracles. O2 simply diffuses through the spiracles to the insect’s cells.

SUMMARY Breathing (gaseous exchange) involves taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide and water vapour. The human respiration system consists of: mouth & nose, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli Gaseous exchange takes place in the alveoli (in the lungs). Oxygen combines with food to give us energy in a process called respiration. Smoking damages the breathing system. Insects use a system oh air holes called spiracles for breathing, fish use gills.

Test for CO2 It turns limewater milky. Test for water It turns cobalt chloride paper pink / it turns copper sulphate blue

To show that there is more carbon dioxide in exhaled air than in inhaled air. Place equal amounts of clear limewater in two test tubes. Suck air in through the position shown on diagram A and note that the limewater takes a long time before going milky. This time exhale air through the top of the tube as shown in diagram B and note that the limewater goes milky quickly. Conclusion: there is more carbon dioxide in exhaled air.

Conclusion We breath out more CO2 and we breath in.

Inhaled Exhaled Nitrogen 78% Oxygen 21% 16% Carbon dioxide 0.04% 4% Water vapour Varies Much higher

Bibliographies Diagram of lungs http://www.clevelandclinic.org/health/wom/images/animations/boylungs.gif Diagram of alveolus http://www.edquest.ca/Notes/2-6(8)13.jpg Diagram of healthy lung http://www.lungusa.org/learn/art/clean_lung_hr.jpg Diagram of smokers lung http://www.lungusa.org/learn/art/dirty_lung1_hr.jpg Diagram of fish http://www.gingerjars.com/lvs/cartoon_fish2.gif Diagram of insect http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/espanol/kids/insects/insects.gif