1. Breathing and the Respiratory System

2. Breathing Ventilation Gaseous Exchange Inhalation Exhalation
Respiration

3. Ventilation- Inhalation and Exhalation
Inhalation is the process by which oxygen is moved into the body.
Exhalation is the process by which Carbon Dioxide is released / removed from the body

4. Inspiration (Inhalation)
Ventilation
Inspiration (Inhalation)
External Intercostals (muscles) contract
Internal Intercostals (muscles) relax
Rib cage pulled upwards and outwards as diaphragm contracts and flattens downwards
Volume of the chest cavity (thorax) increases
Lung volume increases
Air pressure in the lungs decreases
Air rushes in to equalise the pressure

5. Expiration (Exhalation)
External intercostals (muscles)relax
Internal Intercostals (muscles)contract
Rib cage pulled inwards and downwards as diaphragm relaxes and curves upwards (dome shape) squeezing lungs
Volume of the chest cavity (thorax) decreases
Air pressure in the lungs increases
Air flows out to equalize pressure

6. The Respiratory System
NASAL CAVITY warms, moistens & filters inhaled air
PHARYNX - passageway for air into the trachea
LARYNX- with vocal chords
TRACHEA- tube kept open by rings of cartilage and lined with fine hairs or cilia which filter air
BRONCHIOLES- smaller branches leading to alveoli
BRONCHI- branches leading to each lung
LUNG-made up of air sacs or alveoli where gases (oxygen & carbon dioxide) are exchanged
PLEURAL MEMBRANE with pleural fluid to keep lung moist
RIB CAGE- protects lung
DIAPHRAGM- thin sheet of muscle

9. Gaseous Exchange
Internal Gaseous exchange between alveoli in the lungs and the red blood cells in the capillaries that surround it.
External gaseous exchange occurs between the red blood cells and the body’s organs.

11. Gaseous Exchange in Humans
Oxygen from the air dissolves in the fluid lining the surfaces of the air sacs
A diffusion gradient is established between the oxygen in the air and that in the blood
Oxygen in solution moves along this gradient from the alveoli to the blood
At the same time carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction

12. Gaseous Exchange Oxygen from air dissolves in fluid around alveoli
There is more oxygen in air than in blood
Oxygen in solution diffuses across the alveoli into blood
Carbon dioxide diffuses in the opposite direction
Oxygen diffuses into the red blood cell
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the alveoli
In Tissue
Carbon dioxide diffuses into blood and Oxygen diffuses into the cells

13. Activity one
You were given a label and you represent a part of the Respiratory system.
Verbally and Physically demonstrate the movement of Oxygen across the alveoli and Carbon dioxide from the blood. Be sure to mention differences in concentration of the two gases and how it affects their movement across the alveoli.

14. Common factors to all respiratory systems
Property of
Respiratory Surface
Function
1. THIN DIAMETER
To allow for easy diffusion of gases across the respiratory surface membrane
2. Close proximity to transport system
In order to remove gases to and from the blood cells efficiently
3. Moist
To prevent the cells on the respiratory surface from drying out and dying and to allow for faster diffusion of the gases across the membrane.
4. Large surface Area
To allow a lot of Oxygen to be able to diffuse simultaneously thus increasing the efficiency of the process.
5. Good Supply of Oxygen
Because Oxygen is necessary for gaseous exchange and subsequently respiration to take place

15. Activity 2 Take a look at the fish gill in front of you!
Make an annotated drawing of the gill and answer the following questions
What is the function of the gill?
What are the functions of each part of the gill?
Suggest why a fish is unable to breathe out of water

16. Air Air is a mixture of gases in the following proportions:
Inhaled Air
Exhaled Air
Oxygen - 21%
Carbon dioxide %
Nitrogen – 79%
Water vapour - varies
Oxygen -16%
Carbon dioxide – 4%
Nitrogen – 79%
Water vapour - varies

17. Respiration (all living things)
At the cell
Gaseous exchange takes place
Oxygen enters the cell and moves to the mitochondria where respiration takes place.
Respiration (all living things)
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Carbon dioxide made in the cell diffuses back into the blood
Energy is used by cells
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

18. RESPIRATION
Yeast
Anaerobic
Aerobic
Muscle
Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Glucose Carbon dioxide + Ethanol + Energy
Glucose Lactic acid+ Energy
( in mitochondria of cells)
(in all living things when Oxygen is present)
(in muscle and yeast when Oxygen is absent)

19. Which part of the respiratory system moistens the air entering the body?
The diaphragm gets flat when you _____.
The ribcage moves downwards and inwards when you __________.
Name one process involved in breathing.
Another name for air sacs is _____.
Another name for the larynx is the ____________.
During gas exchange which gas enters leaves the tissues and enters the red blood cells?
What is the function of the rings of cartilage around the bronchus?
Another name for the wind pipe is the ________.
The lungs are protected by what part of the respiratory system?
Ventilation is made up of two processes.
During inhalation the volume of the chest cavity ___________.
During inhalation the air pressure inside the lungs ___________.
When we breathe out how is the diaphragm shaped?
What keeps the lungs moist?