Honors Chemistry Mrs. Coyle

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Presentation transcript:

Honors Chemistry Mrs. Coyle Hybridization Honors Chemistry Mrs. Coyle

Hybrization of Orbitals The merging of several atomic orbitals to form the same total number of hybrid orbitals. Analogy: Mixing red and white pigment to form pink.

Example: Unhybridized Outer Orbitals of Carbon ⁭ ↓ ⁭_ ⁭_ 2s2 2p2

Why does carbon form four bonds with other atoms? This can be explained with the model of hybridization of orbitals.

Hybridized Orbitals of Carbon in forming Methane The s orbital merges with the three p orbitals to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals that are identical. ⁭_ ⁭_ ⁭_ ⁭_ sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3

Outer Orbitals of Carbon Unhybridized Carbon ⁭ ↓ ⁭_ ⁭_ 2s2 2p2 Hybridized Carbon ⁭_ ⁭_ ⁭_ ⁭_ sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3

Hybridized Carbon Orbitals The four sp3 orbitals are arranged in a tetrahedral shape. Each hybrid sp3 orbital contains one electron and is available to bond with another atom. http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~huskey/images/methane_td.jpg

Methane Four hydrogen atoms, each having an s orbital, overlap with each of the sp3 orbitals. Each of these bonds is called a σ (sigma) bond. 109.5o http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~huskey/images/methane_td.jpg

Hybridization of Orbitals Animation http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18.swf

σ (sigma) bond A covalent bond formed by the overlap of orbitals along the bond axis end to end. A sigma bond can be formed by the overlap of: s and p orbitals two p orbitals two hybrid orbitals an s orbital and a hybrid orbital

Ethane

π (pi bond) A covalent bond formed by the parallel (side by side) overlap of two p orbitals.

Ethylene (Ethene) C2H4 Each carbon atom forms: three hybrid sp2 orbitals that lie on the same plane at 120o and a third p orbital that is lying perpendicular to the plane

Ethylene (Ethene) C2H4 http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/fig/ethene.gif

Ethylene (Ethene) C2H4 http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~huskey/images/ethylene_bonding.jpg

Ethene (Ethylene), C2H4 The double bond between the two carbon atoms is made up of a sigma bond and a pi bond. The pi bond is made up of the parallel overlap of the p orbitals. The sigma bond is made up of the end to end overlap of the sp2 orbitals.

Double Bond A double bond is made up of a sigma bond and a pi bond.

Acetylene (Ethyne), C2H2 The carbon atoms forms: two hybrid sp orbitals two p orbitals.

Acetylene (Ethyne), C2H2 http://andromeda.rutgers.edu/~huskey/images/acetylene_bonds.jpg

Triple Bond Is made up of a sigma bond and two pi bonds.

Benzene, C6H6

Benzene, C6H6 http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/kboudrea/molecule_gallery/04_aromatics/benzene_04.gif

Benzene, C6H6 The p orbitals can overlap forming a pi bond on both sides and therefore a circular orbital forms around the whole ring.

Benzene, C6H6

Gallery of Molecules http://webpages.dcu.ie/~pratta/jmgallery/JGALLERY.HTM