1. Hybridization -often, molecular geometry is based on hybrid orbitals
-hybrid orbitals are the mix of different atomic orbitals; this process is called hybridization
-this is a way of reconciling geometry and electron configurations
Ex: sp hybrid orbitals Be

2. Hybridization
sp2 hybrid orbitals
trigonal planar
shape

3. Hybridization
sp2 hybrid orbitals

4. Hybridization
sp3 hybrid orbitals
tetrahedral
shape

5. Hybridization
sp3 hybrid orbitals

6. Hybridization
sp3d2 hybrid orbitals
trigonal bipyramidal
shape

7. Sigma and Pi Bonding
sp3d2 hybrid orbitals
octahedral shape
shape

8. Sigma and Pi Bonding
-Bonds can be thought of as an overlap of electrons; these general bonds are referred to as sigma (σ) bonds
-to explain double and triple bonds, pi (π) bonds show the bonds beyond sigma bonds and require unhybridized p orbitals
sp2 + p
sp + p + p