Chapter 5: War and Peace Key Concept: Conquest and Consequences How did military events and their consequences contribute to the foundations of Canada?

Recall the reasons for British and French Expansion of their Empires: Economy Competition Religion Curiosity/Quality of Life

Both Britain and France were in direct competition for controlling North America and controlling the vast amounts of resources found in the land.

Background to War French Perspective Vast area of Canada was claimed by French. Began to see themselves as a different culture of People (Canadiens) Felt secure from attack because of dependence on France to provide soldiers to the colony.

British Perspective Thirteen Colonies population was vastly larger than that of New France Wanted land for farming, fur trade with First Nations, Access to interior of Canada, fish resources.

British Strengths French Strengths British Weakness French Weakness

War in the West First war between French and English started in the Ohio Valley in 1754. British lead by General George Washington lost the war to the French. He would later become the first president of the United States.

Prelude to War: Acadia By 1710, most of Acadia was under control of the British, and they changed the name of the colony to Nova Scotia. Most of Acadia was populated still by the French people, but to control North America, Britain wanted more English people in the country, and more control.

Prelude to War: Acadia Charles Lawrence, the governor of Nova Scotia wondered if the Acadians would side with the French if they were attacked. 1755, Lawrence gives an ultimatum to the Acadians, either swear loyalty to the British or lose their land. Eventually British decide to deport the Acadians in the “Great Upheaval” of 1755. (Le Grand Derangement)

The Struggle for Canada 1756- “Seven Year’s War” begins in Europe between France and Britain  war also breaks in North America France: use small number of soldiers in North America, keeping larger forces to win in Europe

The Struggle for Canada Britain: use large number of soldiers in North America to defeat the French Britain’s strategy relied on them controlling the St. Lawrence River which is the main supply route between Louisbourg and Quebec & Montreal

Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France 1) Capture of Louisbourg Capturing Louisbourg would give Britain control of the entrance to the St. Lawrence June 1758, Britain launches attack on Louisbourg capturing the fortress in 60 days.

Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France 2) Capture of Ohio Valley French had many fur forts in Ohio Valley  British capture would reduce the French influence in this area Attacks against the French in the Ohio Valley drive them back to Quebec *At this point Louisbourg is captured, giving control of the St. Lawrence, and the French have drawn their forces back into the heart of New France- Quebec.

Three Pronged Attack: Britain would strike in three major areas against France 3) Capture of Quebec Capture of Quebec would mean the end of French control in North America British under command of General James Wolfe; brings ¼ of British navy Unsuccessful at capturing Quebec after three months of attacks

Winter is approaching; he must take Quebec now or retreat to Europe for the winter (ships will be stuck in St. Lawrence) Decides on a surprise attack southwest of Quebec in a farmer’s field French Military leader Montcalm receives word of this surprise attack Most of his army is in Quebec, but a portion of his army is 16 km away in a place where Britain was expected to attack

First Nations and War The Treaty of Paris (1763) gave the English possession of North America. Any land claims that the First Nations had were not accepted by the British. Any French traditions that were practiced with the First Nations were also ignored by the British. This worried the First Nations groups, who wanted to keep their land.

Pontiac’s War Against the British Pontiac is the leader of the Odawa He gathered many First Nations groups together to drive the English out of Canada. 1763 attacked the fort of Detroit. They were able to take many forts, but they also hoped the French would help them keep the British out. They were not supported by the French however.

After the War Challenges following the war: First Nations: Canadiens: Feared new comers would take their land Canadiens: Had to rebuild their colony Didn’t know if their language and religion were allowed to be practiced British Didn’t know how to change the government from French to British First Nations might attack?

The Treaty of Paris 1763 1760 Montreal surrendered, which was the last French establishment in Canada With this treaty, France gave up any claim to Quebec Together we will read and copy the chart on page 117

Imagine! You are alive and well in New France in 1764. Pretend you live in one of the 5 regions of New France (Quebec, Nova Scotia/Acadia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island or Newfoundland). You remember what life was like before, and now many things have changed. Write 1/3 of a page on your point of view in the year 1764. (Are you happy? Sad? Is life better or worse?) It is up to you to choose if you are Aboriginal, British or French.

What could the British do with New France? Eviction - Do they take the Canadiens to other lands? Assimilation – Do they make the Canadiens give up their language and religion? Accommodation – Do they let the Canadiens live on as they were used to?

The Royal Proclamation 1763 Wanted to assimilate the Canadiens, and this was signed by King George III in October 1763 Terms of the Royal Proclamation New France became the province of Quebec Interior land set aside for First Nations British Laws and governments replaced the French system Catholics lost claim to the tithe (the church tax) Catholics could not be part of the government

Quebec act of 1774 Assimilation of Quebec failed with the Royal Proclamation Rights of the Quebec Act: French language recognized Catholics given right to practice, and now allowed to be part of government Roman Catholic Church got rights back for the tithe Part of interior became part of Quebec, and Quebec was returned to size prior to Royal Proclamation