Heart failure and cognitive dysfunction

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Heart failure and cognitive dysfunction James Ampadu, John E. Morley International Journal of Cardiology Volume 178, Pages 12-23 (January 2015) DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.087 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 The potential factors involved in the pathogenesis of cognitive dysfunction in heart failure. (APP=amyloid precursor protein; HIF-1=hypoxia inducible factor-1; IL-1=interleukin 1; IL-6=interleukin-6; TNF-α-1=tumor necrosis factor-α-1; BNP=brain naturetic peptide; ANP=atrial naturetic peptide). International Journal of Cardiology 2015 178, 12-23DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.087) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Simplistic view of how hypoxia disrupts the blood brain barrier. (HIF-1=hypoxia-inducible factor 1; bFGF=basic fibroblast growth factor; ANG-1=angiopoietin-1, VEGF=vascular endothelial growth factor). International Journal of Cardiology 2015 178, 12-23DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.087) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 A simplified version of how inflammatory cytokines can cause cognitive defects in heart failure. PGE2=prostaglandin E2; IL=interleukin; TNF=tumor-necrosis factor; CRF=corticotrophin releasing factor; BBB=blood brain barrier; VEGF=vascular endothelial factor; BDNF=brain derived neurotrophic factor. International Journal of Cardiology 2015 178, 12-23DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.087) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd Terms and Conditions