1. Local and systemic factors and implantation: what is the evidence?
Chelsea Fox, M.D., Scott Morin, M.D., Jae-Wook Jeong, Ph.D., Richard T. Scott, M.D., Bruce A. Lessey, M.D., Ph.D. 
Fertility and Sterility 
Volume 105, Issue 4, Pages (April 2016)
DOI: /j.fertnstert
Copyright © 2016 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

2. Figure 1 The hidden impact of implantation failure.
Adapted from Macklon et al. (17).
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /j.fertnstert )
Copyright © 2016 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions

3. Figure 2
Like menstruation, endometriosis is associated with inflammation. Inflammatory cytokines including interferon-gamma (Infg), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-17 (IL-17), have down-stream effects on the endometrium. IL-17 has been shown to stimulate COX-2 expression and prostaglandin (PGE2) production that stimulates aromatase expression. Endometrial IL-6 is associated with these changes that activates signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3). Phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), as seen in endometriosis and infertility (104), stabilizes hypoxia-induced factor-1 alpha (HIF-1a) which together with STAT3 stimulates many of the estrogen-dependent changes associated with endometriosis, including estrogen receptor beta (ESR2). STAT3 also induces BCL6 that is a candidate signaling protein that is associated with endometriosis and progesterone resistance (112). The imbalance between estrogen and progesterone actions likely plays a critical role in the implantation defects found associated with various inflammatory states including endometriosis, adenomyosis and hydrosalpinges. Other abbreviations: Chicken ovalbumin protein transcription factor II (COUP-TFII), Heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein-2 (HAND2), homeobox A10 (HOXA10), heparin- binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HBEGF), bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), 17 hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 (17HSDII), Stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6), cellular retinoic acid binding-protein 2 (CRABPII), Foxhead box protein O1 (FOXO1), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), P450 Aromatase (P450AROM), estradiol (E2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cysteine-rich angiogenic inducer 61 (CYR61), Angiopoietin (Ang-2), hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-MET).
Fertility and Sterility  , DOI: ( /j.fertnstert )
Copyright © 2016 American Society for Reproductive Medicine Terms and Conditions