Early scientists proposed ideas about evolution Evolution is the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors. A species is a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can reproduce and have fertile offspring.

Evidence for Evolution What is evolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhHOjC4oxh8 Evidence for Evolution https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lIEoO5KdPvg Natural Selection https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SCjhI86grU

Darwin traveled aboard the ship HMS Beagle to map the coast of South America and the Pacific Islands in 1831. He observed variation—the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the same population between island species on his voyage.

Variation The heritable differences that exist in every population are the basis for natural selection.

The differences were especially noticeable on the Galápagos Islands off of South America. Some differences seemed well-suited to the animals’ environments and diets. Variation is a difference in a physical trait tortoises that live in areas with tall plants have long necks and legs

He noticed that species have adaptations, or features that allow them to better survive in their environments. Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a population over time

An adaptation is a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment Species are able to adapt to their environment Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a population

Darwin’s ideas about evolution were influenced by many different sources. One important influence was the work of farmers and breeders. Artificial selection The process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits.

Heritability The ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next.

1. How is a variation different from an adaptation? Questions 1. How is a variation different from an adaptation?   A variation is a difference within an individual organism from the rest of the population. An adaptation is a feature that helps an organism survive in its environment. Over time, adaptations can become common in a population.

Darwin extended the ideas he gained from studying artificial selection to his theory of natural selection. Natural selection is a mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals. Unlike artificial selection, where humans do the selecting of traits, in natural selection the environment is the selective agent.

Natural Selection A mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals.

A process whereby organisms that are better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Natural Selection - Example

Natural selection is based upon four principles: • Overproduction: producing more offspring than are likely to survive Variation: the heritable differences that exist in every population Adaptation: a certain characteristic that allows an individual to survive better than other individuals it competes against for resources  Descent with modification: the spread of an adaptation throughout new generations

Overproduction Having many offspring increases the chance of survival but also results in competition for resources. Mosquito larvae at water surface

Variation Differences in heritable traits (characteristics) that exist in every population are the basis for natural selection. The variations of characteristics among individuals result from differences in the genetic material (genes) of the organisms, whether inherited from a parent or resulting from a genetic mutation.

Adaptation A certain variation that allows an individual to survive better than other individuals it competes against. More successful individuals are “naturally selected” to live longer and to reproduce more offspring that share those adaptations for their environment.

Adaptation

Descent with Modification Heritability of adaptations. More individuals will have the trait in every following generation, as long as the environmental conditions remain beneficial for the trait. (ex. praying mantis)

Theory of Natural Selection Natural selection works on physical traits rather than genetic material itself. New traits are not made by natural selection. Natural selection can act only on traits that already exist in a population.

Theory of Natural Selection A mechanism by which individuals that have inherited beneficial adaptations produce more offspring on average than do other individuals. In nature, the environment creates the selective pressure that determines if a trait is passed on or not. Therefore, in nature, characteristics are selected only if they give advantages to individuals in the environment as it is right now.

Fitness A measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population in a given environment.

2. What is the main similarity between the processes of artificial selection and natural selection?   3. What is the main difference between artificial selection and natural selection? Both produce traits that are selected appear in later generations Humans do the selecting of traits in artificial selection, while the environment is the selective agent in natural selection.

Evidence of Evolution Anatomy Homologous Structures: features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions. Their appearance across different species offers strong evidence for a common descent. Common example: forelimbs of tetrapod vertebrates – bats, humans and moles In all of these animals, the forelimbs have several bones that are very similar to each other despite their different functions. Homologous structures are different in detail but similar in structure and relation to each other.

Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species. Evidence of Evolution Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species. Vestigial Structures: Remnants of organs or structures that had a function in an early ancestor.

Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species. Evidence of Evolution Structural patterns are clues to the history of a species. Examples: Snakes have tiny pelvic bones and hind limbs which are homolgous to the pelvic and limb bones of tetrapods such as lizards and dogs. Ostriches have wings that they use for balance but not to fly. Humans have an appendix, which is a remnant of the cecum, which makes up a large part of the large intestine in plant-eating mammals. It helps to digest the cellulose in plants. As omnivores, humans do not eat much cellulose. The human appendix does not have the ability to digest cellulose – in fact it performs no function at all.

Does the Theory of Evolution Really Matter? Evolution of Man https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkgYoTH3Xlc Does the Theory of Evolution Really Matter? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hqepQGOYKZ0 Can Science Explain the Origin of Life? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fgQLyqWaCbA

Struggle for survival Populations would grow exponentially if resources were unlimited. Instead disease and a limited food supply keep the population smaller.