Do Now (do on BOTTOM of LAST page in packet Aim: What is DNA’s role in reproduction? Put in order from smallest to largest: Organism, Organ, Tissue, Organelle, Organ System, Cell 2. What do you know about DNA already?

Complete the life functions diagram Complete the life functions diagram. Look through notes and tell what organ system and what cell organelle carry out those life functions. Use the following body systems and cell organelles as a guide (all are used and some more than once): Cell Organelles: Nucleus Centrioles Mitochondria Lysosome Cell membrane Cytoplasm Ribosome Body Systems: Circulatory Digestive Endocrine Nervous Reproductive Respiratory Excretory All body systems

Reproduction Part I Main Ideas DNA Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Mitosis Cancer

Reproduction Life function by which living things produce more living things Without reproduction an entire species will die (Extinct) Reproduction is not necessary for an individual organism to survive In order to study reproduction, we need to look closely at DNA, the molecule of life!

What is DNA? DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid The genetic material of all living things This is what is passed on from parent to offspring DNA is the instructions for creating all the proteins and traits of an organism (flesh, bones, hormones, enzymes, antibodies, hemoglobin) What do all the things in the pictures have in common?  they all are living, therefore they are all made of at least one cell & they all contain DNA!!! How small is DNA? - 1 meter long (in each and every one of the approximately 3 trillion cells in our body!!) According to the cell theory, what might not have DNA?  some viruses

What is DNA? DNA Found in the nucleus of every Eukaryotic cell DNA creates all your proteins and traits (features) in your body! This means DNA makes a dog a dog and a human a human… Amount of DNA varies in the organism What’s a Eukaryotic cell?  membrane bound organelles (nucleus!)

How are we different from a fly, fish, or a mushroom? The amount of DNA is different and the instructions in the DNA are different Let’s take a look at the DNA molecule and how it’s built.

How is DNA built? Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is made up of 2 long strands called nucleic acids Nucleic acids are made up of many small pieces called nucleotides Each nucleotide consists of 3 parts: Simple sugar (Deoxyribose) Phosphate Nitrogenous Base (Base) Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) Ask – What type of macromolecule is DNA? (Look at the word and break it down) - Is DNA a 1) carbohydrate 2) Protein 3) Lipid 4) Nucleiuc Acid Have students CIRCLE a nucleic acid and nucleotide and label them. Have students also label the parts of a nucleotide

Aim: Analyze the structure of DNA Do Now: NAME 3 PARTS OF A NUCLEOTIDE HOW IS OUR DNA DIFFERENT THAN A FISH? ****complete on bottom of last page in packet

Lets build DNA How many nucleotides do you need to make all human DNA in one cell? _____________________ Many nucleotides are linked together in long chains called nucleic acids! How many strands of nucleic acids make up a strand of DNA? About 3 Billion 2 The two strands stay together because the nitrogenous bases are chemically bonded If each base represents 1 nucleotide, how many do you think are needed to create DNA?

How do the bases bond? Nitrogenous Bases Adenine only bonds with Thymine “A” only connects with “T” Guanine only bonds with Cytosine “G” only connects with “C” The bases form hydrogen bonds with matching bases and appear to be the steps in the DNA double helix ladder DNA’s shape is referred to as a “Double Helix” Remind students… Easy way to remember what base pairs match, look at the shape of C and G… they are pretty much the same shape and they match!! Once finished  Practice worksheet on structure of DNA and base pairs

DNA QUESTIONS How many nucleotides with adenine are there in this piece of DNA? Therefore, how many thymine bases are there in this piece of DNA? If there are 1,300 Adenine bases in a piece of DNA, how many Thymine bases are in that piece of DNA? If 20% of a random piece of DNA is made of Guanine, what percent (%) of that piece of DNA is Cytosine?

If 30% of a random piece of DNA is made of Guanine, what percent (%) of that piece of DNA is Adenine?

Where are the instructions in DNA? The order of nitrogenous bases are the actual DNA instructions The order of the bases makes my DNA different from your DNA The order of bases makes Human DNA different from a frog’s DNA or a potato plant’s DNA. There are many differences between my DNA and a banana’s DNA There are far less differences between my DNA and your DNA

Draw and label: Nucleotide (3 parts) / Nucleic Acid / DNA BOTTOM OF PAGE 9!!!

AIM: How is DNA stored in living things? DO NOW: Complete the top half of page 9

How is DNA organized? DNA is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cells as messy chromatin To help DNA be organized for cell division, DNA becomes tightly coiled creating a structure called a chromosome Chromosome – Humans have chromosomes or single strands of DNA a tightly coiled strand of DNA 46 46

Just 46 strands of DNA? DNA is the instructions to build all the proteins in your body Your body makes about 35,000 different proteins Why do we only have 46 strands of DNA and not 35,000? One chromosome or one strand of DNA has the instructions to make hundreds to thousands of proteins. A section of DNA (chromosome) that codes for a specific protein is called a gene. Gene – small piece of DNA that codes for a specific protein /trait (height, all hormones, enzymes, receptors…)

Don’t chromosomes look like an “X” Before DNA replication, chromosomes have ONE chromatid After DNA replication, chromosomes have TWO sister chromatids held together by a centromere Chromatid – single stranded chromosome Sister chromatids – chromatids that are exact copies of each other Centromere – hold sister chromatids together

Chromosome before replication Chromosome after DNA replication DNA, Chromosome, Chromatid, Centromere, Sister Chromatids, DNA Replication, Gene

How many chromosomes before and after DNA replication?

Why does DNA Replicate? DNA Replication DNA makes an exact copy of itself This means DNA makes a new molecule of DNA with the same sequence of bases Before Cell Division in order to give an exact copy and the correct amount of DNA to each daughter cell that forms!

Human chromosomes before DNA replication Human chromosomes after DNA replication This is what DNA looks like inside our cells’ nucleus. The picture on the left shows single-stranded chromosomes. How many chromosome #1’s are there? (2) Where do they both come from? (one from mom and one from dad) (in total, 23 from mom and 23 from dad) When DNA replicates, it creates a sister chromatid!!

How does DNA replicate itself? DNA is unwound by enzymes and is separated into 2 single strands called templates Complementary / matching nucleotides will attach to each DNA template (strand) Two identical strands of DNA are formed Remind students, what compound builds things up and breaks things down?  Enzymes!!

Replication of DNA Remind students, what compound builds things up and breaks things down?  Enzymes!!

Do Now 31 DNA brainstorm What is DNA How is DNA built (nucleic acids & nucleotides) How is DNA organized(chromosomes & chromatids…) Why is the order of bases in DNA important

Do Now (Nucleic Acid)

Do Now Label the parts

Do Now (Nucleic Acid)

Reproduction Part I Main Ideas DNA Reproduction Asexual Reproduction Mitosis Cancer