MARITIME HISTORY.

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Presentation transcript:

MARITIME HISTORY

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) Published the 1st map of the Gulf Stream: 1.To increase postal speed 2.To gain advantage in wartime

Franklin’s Gulf Stream Map

1761 – John Harrison Working-class carpenter who solved the longitude problem by inventing the 1st clock accurate at sea called the Chronometer.

Captain James Cook Great English navigator & discoverer 3 noteworthy expeditions

Cook’s 1st Voyage: The Endeavour 1768-1771 Circumnavigated the globe Built an observatory in Tahiti to document the Transit of Venus. Disproved the theory of a giant continent between Tahiti & New Zealand.

Cook’s 2nd Voyage: The Resolution 1772-1775 Less than 1% fatality due to his new dietary reforms. Tried to prove the existence of Antarctica, but could not land there. Was the 1st to circle Antarctica.

Cook’s 3rd Voyage: The Discovery 1776-1780 Attempted to find a Northwest Passage from the Pacific to the Atlantic, but failed. Rediscovered the Hawaiian islands. Murdered by natives in Hawaii.

HMS BEAGLE (1831-1836) Mission was to map the coastline of South America & take oceanographic measurements. Charles Darwin categorized thousands of species during the 5-year voyage.

Matthew Maury (1806-1873) The, “Father of Oceanography” Born in Fredericksburg, VA. Joined the USN at age 19 Developed maps of wind & current patterns. Professor of Meteorology at VMI Published The Physical Geography of the Sea, in 1855 – the 1st modern oceanography textbook

Challenger Expedition 1872-1876 1st modern, deep-ocean, global sampling expedition. Scientists studied the deep ocean’s water chemistry, sea floor deposits & distribution of organic life. Measured the depth of the Marianas Trench (8,185m). Classified 4,717 new marine species.

HMS Challenger

Fridtjof Nansen (1861-1930) Designed a boat named the Fram, capable of withstanding ice pressure. Mapped the Arctic ocean by purposely getting frozen into sea ice & drifting across the ocean for 3 years. Invented the Nansen bottle for water sampling.

The Fram

1914 – Ernest Shackleton Skilled captain who’s life goal was to cross Antarctica His ship the Endurance was frozen into sea ice & crushed. He & his crew spent 15 months on Antarctica before they got home - no one died!