Early Society in Mainland East Asia Chapter 5 Early Society in Mainland East Asia Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Yellow River Huang He Almost 3000 miles: Tibet to Yellow Sea Deposits fertile, light-colored soil Periodic flooding: “China’s Sorrow” Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Yangshao Society and Banpo Village About 5000–3000 B.C.E. Middle region of Yellow River valley Neolithic village at Banpo Painted pottery, bone tools Similar settlements throughout much of China as human population increased Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Three Ancient Dynasties Xia Perhaps emerged about 2200 B.C.E. Importance of flood control Rulers may have controlled village leaders City of Erlitou Shang According to tradition, 1766–1122 B.C.E. Zhou 1122–256 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasties, 2200–256 B.C.E Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Shang Dynasty Bronze metallurgy State monopoly Horse-drawn chariots, other wheeled vehicles Large armies Political organization: network of walled towns, loyal to center Capital moved six times Impressive architecture at Ao, Yin Other regional states coexisted, such as Sanxingdui Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Shang Capitals at Ao and Yin Ao, near modern Zhengzhou: massive city wall Yin, near modern Anyang: complex of royal palaces Tombs, both large and lavish and more modest Burials alongside deceased member of ruling class Sacrificial victims, mostly slaves Wives, servants, friends, hunting companions Tomb of Lady Fu Hao Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Zhou Dynasty From 1122 B.C.E. to 256 B.C.E. No law codes: rule by decree “Mandate of heaven” Aggregation of villages opposed to Shang leadership Decentralization of authority Development of cheap iron weaponry ended Shang monopoly on bronze Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Decline of the Zhou Dynasty Decentralized leadership style allowed for building of regional powers Increasing local independence, refusal to pay taxes Iron metallurgy allowed for widespread creation of weaponry Northern invaders weakened Zhou dynasty, beginning eighth century B.C.E. Internal dissention: the Period of the Warring States (403–221 B.C.E.) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

China During the Period of the Warring States, 403–221 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Social Order Ruling classes had great advantage Palatial compounds, luxurious lifestyle Supported by agricultural surplus, tax revenues Defended by monopoly on bronze weaponry Hereditary privilege Class of artisans, craftsmen Evidence of long-distance trade, merchant class Large class of semi-servile peasants Slave class Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Family and Patriarchy Devotion to family, ancestor veneration Connection of spirit world to physical world Ritual sacrifices Father was ritual head of family rites Earlier prominence of individual female leaders faded in later Shang and Zhou dynasties Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Oracle Bones and Early Chinese Writing Oracle bones used for communicating with spirit world, determining future Question written on animal bones or turtle shells Then heated over fire; cracks examined for omens Early archaeological evidence of Chinese writing Evolution of Chinese script Pictograph to ideograph Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Zhou Literature The reflections of Confucius Book of Changes: manual for divination Book of History Book of Etiquette (Book of Rites) Book of Songs Little survives because often written on perishable bamboo strips, silk fabrics Many destroyed by emperor of Qin dynasty, 221 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Nomadic Peoples of Central Asia Steppe nomads Poor lands for cultivation, extensive herding activities Horses domesticated ca. 4000 B.C.E., bronze metallurgy by 2900 B.C.E. Extensive trade with sedentary cultures in China Tensions: frequent raiding Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Southern Expansion of Chinese Society Yangzi valley Yangzi River: Chang Jiang, “Long River” Excellent for rice cultivation Irrigation system developed The state of Chu Autonomous, challenged Zhou dynasty Culture heavily influenced by Chinese Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.